I chose the title from things I have heard people say over time. I won't supply the context in which it was passed to me, because I want to use it as a key in understanding changes in life.
When the Old Testament folks got a bit too complacent in their prosperity, indulgences, neglect, or pride of life, they would realise in due time that a curve ball was being pitched to wake them up.
In this thing we call life, some attributes of its character can compared to a ball game. Let's assume any major sporting event as a microcosm of human life only with specific rules for the players and observers.
And, anywhere within the domain of the event, there will be action and reaction. The event as a complete thought is also subsetted by smaller or shorter events. Man kicks ball, crowd moans. Man bats ball out of park, crowd goes wild. You may have seen these kind of headlines on the sports page of a newspaper.
Of course, the best and the worst have their chance to perform. The rest is in between. So, how does this example demonstrate some fact of life? The pattern of it is a recurrent abstract phenomenon with minor variations.
Look at this webpage for another example:
cyberspace security
From the edu domain in the address you can see this is an educational website. The rest of the address is a locus of the page on the system server where the page resides on a computer memory, somewhere in internet web cyberspace.
The gist of the comments are a recap of the title of this blog in that the conveniences of life have a dark side. A man builds a house part by part. He clears the land. He makes preparation for a foundation. He starts with the foundation. Then the walls, doors, rooms, windows, maybe another story, a roof, some extended accomodation to the adjacent environment, water, waste, power, heat, cooling, storage, furniture, appliances, etc. The list goes on.
Over time the house gets old and needs maintenance. Consumables have to be replenished. Consumed has to be managed for displacement. And so on, over time the system becomes more complex. With the complexity comes the increase in probability of error. Error in any form is defined as the undesireable onset of variation of expected value in event process.
The weather may turn stormy and the rain find a way into the inside. A leak, a neglected heat source, a break, are only a few examples where error starts to show up. The degree of damage that error does is proportional to the loss of value it changes. It can be all, or some.
Thus where one may think of nonconsumable items as being of a fixed value, the variation of the value is itself a variable. When the wisdom of the past tries to hand the keys of a life of good value to new beings, how those keys are used determine the effects of having keys.
There's a story of a man living in the first development project for housing workers in New Jersey. Most of them working in more than one state, but needing similar accomodations. The houses look very similar, strung together on look alike streets, and all having different door locks.
A worker stays out late one night, has a few spirits to ease his fatigue, and makes his way home. He gets disoriented, tries his door key in several doors before he realises he is on the street.
How emabarrasing for him when his neighbors turn cold thinking him to be a burglar. Today he would be confronted by the police if they see him or are called. The point is simply that he ran into trouble with the best of intents. Tarrytown, NJ is still there.
So, the point of the potential of fear and error is a wake up call for the compulsive perfectionist
19:127:001 Except the LORD build the house, they labour in vain that
build it: except the LORD keep the city, the watchman waketh
but in vain.
How serious was vigilance in the days of old?
26:033:006 But if the watchman see the sword come, and blow not the
trumpet, and the people be not warned; if the sword come, and
take any person from among them, he is taken away in his
iniquity; but his blood will I require at the watchman's hand.
28:009:008 The watchman of Ephraim was with my God: but the prophet is a
snare of a fowler in all his ways, and hatred in the house of
his God.
Oh, it got worse...
33:007:004 The best of them is as a brier: the most upright is sharper
than a thorn hedge: the day of thy watchmen and thy visitation
cometh; now shall be their perplexity.
And why?
24:051:012 Set up the standard upon the walls of Babylon, make the watch
strong, set up the watchmen, prepare the ambushes: for the
LORD hath both devised and done that which he spake against
the inhabitants of Babylon.
25:004:017 As for us, our eyes as yet failed for our vain help: in our
watching we have watched for a nation that could not save us.
Ok, so what is the purpose of the Son of Man?
26:003:017 Son of man, I have made thee a watchman unto the house of
Israel: therefore hear the word at my mouth, and give them
warning from me.
26:033:001 Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,
26:033:002 Son of man, speak to the children of thy people, and say unto
them, When I bring the sword upon a land, if the people of the
land take a man of their coasts, and set him for their
watchman:
27:004:013 I saw in the visions of my head upon my bed, and, behold, a
watcher and an holy one came down from heaven;
Nebuchadnezzar's dream...
27:004:017 This matter is by the decree of the watchers, and the demand
by the word of the holy ones: to the intent that the living
may know that the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and
giveth it to whomsoever he will, and setteth up over it the
basest of men.
35:002:002 And the LORD answered me, and said, Write the vision, and make
it plain upon tables, that he may run that readeth it.
35:002:003 For the vision is yet for an appointed time, but at the end it
shall speak, and not lie: though it tarry, wait for it;
because it will surely come, it will not tarry.
35:002:004 Behold, his soul which is lifted up is not upright in him: but
the just shall live by his faith.
Now to the New Testament...
40:014:021 And they that had eaten were about five thousand men, beside
women and children.
40:014:022 And straightway Jesus constrained his disciples to get into a
ship, and to go before him unto the other side, while he sent
the multitudes away.
40:014:023 And when he had sent the multitudes away, he went up into a
mountain apart to pray: and when the evening was come, he was
there alone.
40:014:024 But the ship was now in the midst of the sea, tossed with
waves: for the wind was contrary.
40:014:025 And in the fourth watch of the night Jesus went unto them,
walking on the sea.
Here's watching again in terms of the Son of Man...
40:024:035 Heaven and earth shall pass away, but my words shall not pass
away.
40:024:036 But of that day and hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels of
heaven, but my Father only.
40:024:037 But as the days of Noe were, so shall also the coming of the
Son of man be.
40:024:038 For as in the days that were before the flood they were eating
and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day
that Noe entered into the ark,
40:024:039 And knew not until the flood came, and took them all away; so
shall also the coming of the Son of man be.
40:024:040 Then shall two be in the field; the one shall be taken, and
the other left.
40:024:041 Two women shall be grinding at the mill; the one shall be
taken, and the other left.
40:024:042 Watch therefore: for ye know not what hour your Lord doth
come.
40:024:043 But know this, that if the goodman of the house had known in
what watch the thief would come, he would have watched, and
would not have suffered his house to be broken up.
40:024:044 Therefore be ye also ready: for in such an hour as ye think
not the Son of man cometh.
40:024:045 Who then is a faithful and wise servant, whom his lord hath
made ruler over his household, to give them meat in due
season?
40:024:046 Blessed is that servant, whom his lord when he cometh shall
find so doing.
Sunday, August 30, 2009
Monday, August 17, 2009
Creation. Chance, Design, or Choice
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41:010:006 But from the beginning of the creation God made them male and
female.
41:013:018 And pray ye that your flight be not in the winter.
41:013:019 For in those days shall be affliction, such as was not from
the beginning of the creation which God created unto this
time, neither shall be.
41:013:020 And except that the Lord had shortened those days, no flesh
should be saved: but for the elect's sake, whom he hath
chosen, he hath shortened the days.
45:001:020 For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world
are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are
made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are
without excuse:
45:001:021 Because that, when they knew God, they glorified him not as
God, neither were thankful; but became vain in their
imaginations, and their foolish heart was darkened.
45:001:022 Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools,
45:001:023 And changed the glory of the uncorruptible God into an image
made like to corruptible man, and to birds, and fourfooted
beasts, and creeping things.
45:001:024 Wherefore God also gave them up to uncleanness through the
lusts of their own hearts, to dishonour their own bodies
between themselves:
45:001:025 Who changed the truth of God into a lie, and worshipped and
served the creature more than the Creator, who is blessed for
ever. Amen.
Origins of the word, "authority".
This a partial study, since the work is not finished.
"authority"
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/authority
The word, "authority" has been a contentious subject for a very long measure of time. In fact it still remains an unsettled concept in most of the world. We can ask, in logic how are "authority" and "sovereign" related to "freedom".
A synonym of the word, "authority", is "sovereign".
From the Dictionary we found, "... Origin:
1250–1300; ME soverain (alter. by influence of reign ) < OF soverain <
VL *superānus, equiv. to L super- super- + -ānus -an
Related forms:
sov⋅er⋅eign⋅ly, adverb
Synonyms:
1. emperor, empress, potentate. 3. government. 5. regal, majestic,
imperial, princely, monarchical, kingly, queenly. 7. chief, paramount,
principal, predominant. 10. effective, effectual. -http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sovereign
Why is God sovereign? Because people are not absolute, but relative to their existence.
In the Bible we find:
20:023:029 Who hath woe? who hath sorrow? who hath contentions? who hath
babbling? who hath wounds without cause? who hath redness of
eyes?
20:023:030 They that tarry long at the wine; they that go to seek mixed
wine.
20:023:031 Look not thou upon the wine when it is red, when it giveth his
colour in the cup, when it moveth itself aright.
20:023:032 At the last it biteth like a serpent, and stingeth like an
adder.
20:025:006 Put not forth thyself in the presence of the king, and stand
not in the place of great men:
20:025:007 For better it is that it be said unto thee, Come up hither;
than that thou shouldest be put lower in the presence of the
prince whom thine eyes have seen.
20:025:008 Go not forth hastily to strive, lest thou know not what to do
in the end thereof, when thy neighbour hath put thee to shame.
20:025:009 Debate thy cause with thy neighbour himself; and discover not
a secret to another:
20:025:010 Lest he that heareth it put thee to shame, and thine infamy
turn not away.
20:028:002 For the transgression of a land many are the princes thereof:
but by a man of understanding and knowledge the state thereof
shall be prolonged.
20:028:003 A poor man that oppresseth the poor is like a sweeping rain
which leaveth no food.
20:028:004 They that forsake the law praise the wicked: but such as keep
the law contend with them.
20:029:009 If a wise man contendeth with a foolish man, whether he rage
or laugh, there is no rest.
21:003:011 He hath made every thing beautiful in his time: also he hath
set the world in their heart, so that no man can find out the
work that God maketh from the beginning to the end.
(Book 21 is Ecclesiastes It's my belief that Jesus' wandering in the wilderness and the temptation are the analogy in syllogistic reality of the book of Ecclesiastes.)
21:004:007 Then I returned, and I saw vanity under the sun.
21:004:008 There is one alone, and there is not a second; yea, he hath
neither child nor brother: yet is there no end of all his
labour; neither is his eye satisfied with riches; neither
saith he, For whom do I labour, and bereave my soul of good?
This is also vanity, yea, it is a sore travail.
21:004:009 Two are better than one; because they have a good reward for
their labour.
21:004:010 For if they fall, the one will lift up his fellow: but woe to
him that is alone when he falleth; for he hath not another to
help him up.
21:004:011 Again, if two lie together, then they have heat: but how can
one be warm alone?
21:004:012 And if one prevail against him, two shall withstand him; and a
threefold cord is not quickly broken.
21:004:013 Better is a poor and a wise child than an old and foolish
king, who will no more be admonished.
21:004:014 For out of prison he cometh to reign; whereas also he that is
born in his kingdom becometh poor.
21:007:008 Better is the end of a thing than the beginning thereof: and
the patient in spirit is better than the proud in spirit.
21:007:014 In the day of prosperity be joyful, but in the day of
adversity consider: God also hath set the one over against the
other, to the end that man should find nothing after him.
21:012:012 And further, by these, my son, be admonished: of making many
books there is no end; and much study is a weariness of the
flesh.
23:009:006 For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given: and the
government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be
called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting
Father, The Prince of Peace.
23:009:007 Of the increase of his government and peace there shall be no
end,
23:029:016 Surely your turning of things upside down shall be esteemed as
the potter's clay: for shall the work say of him that made it,
He made me not? or shall the thing framed say of him that
framed it, He had no understanding?
23:029:017 Is it not yet a very little while, and Lebanon shall be turned
into a fruitful field, and the fruitful field shall be
esteemed as a forest?
23:029:018 And in that day shall the deaf hear the words of the book, and
the eyes of the blind shall see out of obscurity, and out of
darkness.
23:029:019 The meek also shall increase their joy in the LORD, and the
poor among men shall rejoice in the Holy One of Israel.
23:029:020 For the terrible one is brought to nought, and the scorner is
consumed, and all that watch for iniquity are cut off:
23:029:021 That make a man an offender for a word, and lay a snare for
him that reproveth in the gate, and turn aside the just for a
thing of nought.
23:041:010 Fear thou not; for I am with thee: be not dismayed; for I am
thy God: I will strengthen thee; yea, I will help thee; yea, I
will uphold thee with the right hand of my righteousness.
23:041:011 Behold, all they that were incensed against thee shall be
ashamed and confounded: they shall be as nothing; and they
that strive with thee shall perish.
23:041:012 Thou shalt seek them, and shalt not find them, even them that
contended with thee: they that war against thee shall be as
nothing, and as a thing of nought.
In the time line of the Old and New Testaments, two sources of authority seem to have emerged.
Judgment and Power by advancement. However, caution is advised here because the perspective shifts between lead and follow.
Old testament leaders were obeyed and preserved. New Testament leadership is also advocative but sacrificial. The common issue is the sovereignty of truth in love, and the choices determining the resolve of the process of the cost. A greedy king can break a nation, and an unjust judge can break the people.
The critical progress from the old to the new was (and is) literacy. To incorporate literacy into the experience of virtual maturation.
More on this when the time is appropriate.
"authority"
| 1. | the power to determine, adjudicate, or otherwise settle issues or disputes; jurisdiction; the right to control, command, or determine. |
| 2. | a power or right delegated or given; authorization: Who has the authority to grant permission? |
| 3. | a person or body of persons in whom authority is vested, as a governmental agency. |
| 4. | Usually, authorities. persons having the legal power to make and enforce the law; government: |
The word, "authority" has been a contentious subject for a very long measure of time. In fact it still remains an unsettled concept in most of the world. We can ask, in logic how are "authority" and "sovereign" related to "freedom".
A synonym of the word, "authority", is "sovereign".
From the Dictionary we found, "... Origin:
1250–1300; ME soverain (alter. by influence of reign ) < OF soverain <
VL *superānus, equiv. to L super- super- + -ānus -an
Related forms:
sov⋅er⋅eign⋅ly, adverb
Synonyms:
1. emperor, empress, potentate. 3. government. 5. regal, majestic,
imperial, princely, monarchical, kingly, queenly. 7. chief, paramount,
principal, predominant. 10. effective, effectual. -http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sovereign
Why is God sovereign? Because people are not absolute, but relative to their existence.
In the Bible we find:
20:023:029 Who hath woe? who hath sorrow? who hath contentions? who hath
babbling? who hath wounds without cause? who hath redness of
eyes?
20:023:030 They that tarry long at the wine; they that go to seek mixed
wine.
20:023:031 Look not thou upon the wine when it is red, when it giveth his
colour in the cup, when it moveth itself aright.
20:023:032 At the last it biteth like a serpent, and stingeth like an
adder.
20:025:006 Put not forth thyself in the presence of the king, and stand
not in the place of great men:
20:025:007 For better it is that it be said unto thee, Come up hither;
than that thou shouldest be put lower in the presence of the
prince whom thine eyes have seen.
20:025:008 Go not forth hastily to strive, lest thou know not what to do
in the end thereof, when thy neighbour hath put thee to shame.
20:025:009 Debate thy cause with thy neighbour himself; and discover not
a secret to another:
20:025:010 Lest he that heareth it put thee to shame, and thine infamy
turn not away.
20:028:002 For the transgression of a land many are the princes thereof:
but by a man of understanding and knowledge the state thereof
shall be prolonged.
20:028:003 A poor man that oppresseth the poor is like a sweeping rain
which leaveth no food.
20:028:004 They that forsake the law praise the wicked: but such as keep
the law contend with them.
20:029:009 If a wise man contendeth with a foolish man, whether he rage
or laugh, there is no rest.
21:003:011 He hath made every thing beautiful in his time: also he hath
set the world in their heart, so that no man can find out the
work that God maketh from the beginning to the end.
(Book 21 is Ecclesiastes It's my belief that Jesus' wandering in the wilderness and the temptation are the analogy in syllogistic reality of the book of Ecclesiastes.)
21:004:007 Then I returned, and I saw vanity under the sun.
21:004:008 There is one alone, and there is not a second; yea, he hath
neither child nor brother: yet is there no end of all his
labour; neither is his eye satisfied with riches; neither
saith he, For whom do I labour, and bereave my soul of good?
This is also vanity, yea, it is a sore travail.
21:004:009 Two are better than one; because they have a good reward for
their labour.
21:004:010 For if they fall, the one will lift up his fellow: but woe to
him that is alone when he falleth; for he hath not another to
help him up.
21:004:011 Again, if two lie together, then they have heat: but how can
one be warm alone?
21:004:012 And if one prevail against him, two shall withstand him; and a
threefold cord is not quickly broken.
21:004:013 Better is a poor and a wise child than an old and foolish
king, who will no more be admonished.
21:004:014 For out of prison he cometh to reign; whereas also he that is
born in his kingdom becometh poor.
21:007:008 Better is the end of a thing than the beginning thereof: and
the patient in spirit is better than the proud in spirit.
21:007:014 In the day of prosperity be joyful, but in the day of
adversity consider: God also hath set the one over against the
other, to the end that man should find nothing after him.
21:012:012 And further, by these, my son, be admonished: of making many
books there is no end; and much study is a weariness of the
flesh.
23:009:006 For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given: and the
government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be
called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting
Father, The Prince of Peace.
23:009:007 Of the increase of his government and peace there shall be no
end,
23:029:016 Surely your turning of things upside down shall be esteemed as
the potter's clay: for shall the work say of him that made it,
He made me not? or shall the thing framed say of him that
framed it, He had no understanding?
23:029:017 Is it not yet a very little while, and Lebanon shall be turned
into a fruitful field, and the fruitful field shall be
esteemed as a forest?
23:029:018 And in that day shall the deaf hear the words of the book, and
the eyes of the blind shall see out of obscurity, and out of
darkness.
23:029:019 The meek also shall increase their joy in the LORD, and the
poor among men shall rejoice in the Holy One of Israel.
23:029:020 For the terrible one is brought to nought, and the scorner is
consumed, and all that watch for iniquity are cut off:
23:029:021 That make a man an offender for a word, and lay a snare for
him that reproveth in the gate, and turn aside the just for a
thing of nought.
23:041:010 Fear thou not; for I am with thee: be not dismayed; for I am
thy God: I will strengthen thee; yea, I will help thee; yea, I
will uphold thee with the right hand of my righteousness.
23:041:011 Behold, all they that were incensed against thee shall be
ashamed and confounded: they shall be as nothing; and they
that strive with thee shall perish.
23:041:012 Thou shalt seek them, and shalt not find them, even them that
contended with thee: they that war against thee shall be as
nothing, and as a thing of nought.
In the time line of the Old and New Testaments, two sources of authority seem to have emerged.
Judgment and Power by advancement. However, caution is advised here because the perspective shifts between lead and follow.
Old testament leaders were obeyed and preserved. New Testament leadership is also advocative but sacrificial. The common issue is the sovereignty of truth in love, and the choices determining the resolve of the process of the cost. A greedy king can break a nation, and an unjust judge can break the people.
The critical progress from the old to the new was (and is) literacy. To incorporate literacy into the experience of virtual maturation.
More on this when the time is appropriate.
Friday, August 14, 2009
News, gossip, boasting, bragging, statements, etc.
20:025:025 As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far
country.
40:004:023 And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their
synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and
healing all manner of sickness and all manner of disease among
the people.
44:005:030 The God of our fathers raised up Jesus, whom ye slew and
hanged on a tree.
44:005:031 Him hath God exalted with his right hand to be a Prince and a
Saviour, for to give repentance to Israel, and forgiveness of
sins.
44:005:032 And we are his witnesses of these things; and so is also the
Holy Ghost, whom God hath given to them that obey him.
44:005:033 When they heard that, they were cut to the heart, and took
counsel to slay them.
44:005:034 Then stood there up one in the council, a Pharisee, named
Gamaliel, a doctor of the law, had in reputation among all the
people, and commanded to put the apostles forth a little
space;
44:005:035 And said unto them, Ye men of Israel, take heed to yourselves
what ye intend to do as touching these men.
44:005:036 For before these days rose up Theudas, boasting himself to be
somebody; to whom a number of men, about four hundred, joined
themselves: who was slain; and all, as many as obeyed him,
were scattered, and brought to nought.
44:005:037 After this man rose up Judas of Galilee in the days of the
taxing, and drew away much people after him: he also perished;
and all, even as many as obeyed him, were dispersed.
44:005:038 And now I say unto you, Refrain from these men, and let them
alone: for if this counsel or this work be of men, it will
come to nought:
44:005:039 But if it be of God, ye cannot overthrow it; lest haply ye be
found even to fight against God.
the name of Jesus, and let them go.
As to bragging, ambiguous statements, ambivalence, or homonymic doubletalk, you are left to do a little study on and in the language of your choice.
42:008:015 But that on the good ground are they, which in an honest and
good heart, having heard the word, keep it, and bring forth
fruit with patience.
An example of the ground breaking work of testimony is partially described here:
44:006:008 And Stephen, full of faith and power, did great wonders and
miracles among the people.
44:006:009 Then there arose certain of the synagogue, which is called the
synagogue of the Libertines, and Cyrenians, and Alexandrians,
and of them of Cilicia and of Asia, disputing with Stephen.
44:006:010 And they were not able to resist the wisdom and the spirit by
which he spake.
44:006:011 Then they suborned men, which said, We have heard him speak
blasphemous words against Moses, and against God.
44:006:012 And they stirred up the people, and the elders, and the
scribes, and came upon him, and caught him, and brought him to
the council,
country.
40:004:023 And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their
synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and
healing all manner of sickness and all manner of disease among
the people.
44:005:030 The God of our fathers raised up Jesus, whom ye slew and
hanged on a tree.
44:005:031 Him hath God exalted with his right hand to be a Prince and a
Saviour, for to give repentance to Israel, and forgiveness of
sins.
44:005:032 And we are his witnesses of these things; and so is also the
Holy Ghost, whom God hath given to them that obey him.
44:005:033 When they heard that, they were cut to the heart, and took
counsel to slay them.
44:005:034 Then stood there up one in the council, a Pharisee, named
Gamaliel, a doctor of the law, had in reputation among all the
people, and commanded to put the apostles forth a little
space;
44:005:035 And said unto them, Ye men of Israel, take heed to yourselves
what ye intend to do as touching these men.
44:005:036 For before these days rose up Theudas, boasting himself to be
somebody; to whom a number of men, about four hundred, joined
themselves: who was slain; and all, as many as obeyed him,
were scattered, and brought to nought.
44:005:037 After this man rose up Judas of Galilee in the days of the
taxing, and drew away much people after him: he also perished;
and all, even as many as obeyed him, were dispersed.
44:005:038 And now I say unto you, Refrain from these men, and let them
alone: for if this counsel or this work be of men, it will
come to nought:
44:005:039 But if it be of God, ye cannot overthrow it; lest haply ye be
found even to fight against God.
But look at the action the crowd took in their (mis)understanding of the argument.
Premise: if this counsel or this work be of men,
Conclusion: it will come to nought:
Premise: But if it be of God,
Conclusion: ye cannot overthrow it
http://www.yourdictionary.com/win-win
and beaten them, they commanded that they should not speak inPremise: if this counsel or this work be of men,
Conclusion: it will come to nought:
Premise: But if it be of God,
Conclusion: ye cannot overthrow it
http://www.yourdictionary.com/win-win
win-win. (2009). In Webster's New World College Dictionary
- Retrieved August 14th, 2009, from www.yourdictionary.com/win-win
the name of Jesus, and let them go.
As to bragging, ambiguous statements, ambivalence, or homonymic doubletalk, you are left to do a little study on and in the language of your choice.
42:008:015 But that on the good ground are they, which in an honest and
good heart, having heard the word, keep it, and bring forth
fruit with patience.
An example of the ground breaking work of testimony is partially described here:
44:006:008 And Stephen, full of faith and power, did great wonders and
miracles among the people.
44:006:009 Then there arose certain of the synagogue, which is called the
synagogue of the Libertines, and Cyrenians, and Alexandrians,
and of them of Cilicia and of Asia, disputing with Stephen.
44:006:010 And they were not able to resist the wisdom and the spirit by
which he spake.
44:006:011 Then they suborned men, which said, We have heard him speak
blasphemous words against Moses, and against God.
44:006:012 And they stirred up the people, and the elders, and the
scribes, and came upon him, and caught him, and brought him to
the council,
Synopsis?
45:012:014 Bless them which persecute you: bless, and curse not.
45:012:015 Rejoice with them that do rejoice, and weep with them that
weep.
45:012:016 Be of the same mind one toward another. Mind not high things,
but condescend to men of low estate. Be not wise in your own
conceits.
45:012:017 Recompense to no man evil for evil. Provide things honest in
the sight of all men.
45:012:018 If it be possible, as much as lieth in you, live peaceably
with all men.
45:012:019 Dearly beloved, avenge not yourselves, but rather give place
unto wrath: for it is written, Vengeance is mine; I will
repay, saith the Lord.
45:012:020 Therefore if thine enemy hunger, feed him; if he thirst, give
him drink: for in so doing thou shalt heap coals of fire on
his head.
45:012:021 Be not overcome of evil, but overcome evil with good.
45:013:001 Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is
no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God.
45:013:002 Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the
ordinance of God: and they that resist shall receive to
themselves damnation.
45:012:014 Bless them which persecute you: bless, and curse not.
45:012:015 Rejoice with them that do rejoice, and weep with them that
weep.
45:012:016 Be of the same mind one toward another. Mind not high things,
but condescend to men of low estate. Be not wise in your own
conceits.
45:012:017 Recompense to no man evil for evil. Provide things honest in
the sight of all men.
45:012:018 If it be possible, as much as lieth in you, live peaceably
with all men.
45:012:019 Dearly beloved, avenge not yourselves, but rather give place
unto wrath: for it is written, Vengeance is mine; I will
repay, saith the Lord.
45:012:020 Therefore if thine enemy hunger, feed him; if he thirst, give
him drink: for in so doing thou shalt heap coals of fire on
his head.
45:012:021 Be not overcome of evil, but overcome evil with good.
45:013:001 Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is
no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God.
45:013:002 Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the
ordinance of God: and they that resist shall receive to
themselves damnation.
Sacrificing the knowledge to worship the proof
Education as an institution like all things has a dark side. The presumption of the "blank slate" of mind is to blame for the failure of the necessary transference of evidence for truth as evidence of truth. Not unlike a Modus Ponens syllogism;
Facts are true.
Truth is facts.
Therefore, facts are truth.
No, not so. Facts are facts. Truth is truth.
Looking for the facts of the truth, I lost the truth for the facts.
Looking for the truth, I found the facts.
I have knowledge of facts, but truth remains to be determined.
2.22 What a picture represents it represents independently of its truth or
falsity, by means of its pictorial form.
2.221 What a picture represents is its sense.
2.222 The agreement or disagreement or its sense with reality constitutes
its truth or falsity.
2.224 It is impossible to tell from the picture alone whether it is true or
false.
3.031 It used to be said that God could create anything except what would
be contrary to the laws of logic. The truth is that we could not say what an
'illogical' world would look like.
4.46 Among the possible groups of truth-conditions there are two
extreme cases. In one of these cases the proposition is true for all
the truth-possibilities of the elementary propositions. We say that
the truth-conditions are tautological. In the second case the
proposition is false for all the truth-possibilities: the
truth-conditions are contradictory . In the first case we call the
proposition a tautology; in the second, a contradiction.
4.461 Propositions show what they say; tautologies and contradictions show
that they say nothing. A tautology has no truth-conditions, since it is
unconditionally true: and a contradiction is true on no condition.
Tautologies and contradictions lack sense. (Like a point from which two
arrows go out in opposite directions to one another.) (For example, I know
nothing about the weather when I know that it is either raining or not
raining.)
4.46211 Tautologies and contradictions are not, however, nonsensical. They
are part of the symbolism, much as '0' is part of the symbolism of
arithmetic.
4.462 Tautologies and contradictions are not pictures of reality. They do
not represent any possible situations. For the former admit all possible
situations, and latter none. In a tautology the conditions of agreement
with the world--the representational relations--cancel one another, so that
it does not stand in any representational relation to reality.
4.463 The truth-conditions of a proposition determine the range that it
leaves open to the facts. (A proposition, a picture, or a model is, in the
negative sense, like a solid body that restricts the freedom of movement of
others, and in the positive sense, like a space bounded by solid substance
in which there is room for a body.) A tautology leaves open to reality the
whole--the infinite whole--of logical space: a contradiction fills the
whole of logical space leaving no point of it for reality. Thus neither of
them can determine reality in any way.
4.464 A tautology's truth is certain, a proposition's possible, a
contradiction's impossible. (Certain, possible, impossible: here we have
the first indication of the scale that we need in the theory of
probability.)
4.465 The logical product of a tautology and a proposition says the same
thing as the proposition. This product, therefore, is identical with the
proposition. For it is impossible to alter what is essential to a symbol
without altering its sense.
4.466 What corresponds to a determinate logical combination of signs is a
determinate logical combination of their meanings. It is only to the
uncombined signs that absolutely any combination corresponds. In other
words, propositions that are true for every situation cannot be
combinations of signs at all, since, if they were, only determinate
combinations of objects could correspond to them. (And what is not a
logical combination has no combination of objects corresponding to it.)
Tautology and contradiction are the limiting cases--indeed the
disintegration--of the combination of signs.
6.2321 And the possibility of proving the propositions of mathematics means
simply that their correctness can be perceived without its being necessary
that what they express should itself be compared with the facts in order to
determine its correctness.
6.2322 It is impossible to assert the identity of meaning of two
expressions. For in order to be able to assert anything about their
meaning, I must know their meaning, and I cannot know their meaning without
knowing whether what they mean is the same or different.
6.43 If the good or bad exercise of the will does alter the world, it can
alter only the limits of the world, not the facts--not what can be
expressed by means of language. In short the effect must be that it becomes
an altogether different world. It must, so to speak, wax and wane as a
whole. The world of the happy man is a different one from that of the
unhappy man.
6.1251 Hence there can never be surprises in logic.
6.126 One can calculate whether a proposition belongs to logic, by
calculating the logical properties of the symbol. And this is what we do
when we 'prove' a logical proposition. For, without bothering about sense
or meaning, we construct the logical proposition out of others using only
rules that deal with signs . The proof of logical propositions consists in
the following process: we produce them out of other logical propositions by
successively applying certain operations that always generate further
tautologies out of the initial ones. (And in fact only tautologies follow
from a tautology.) Of course this way of showing that the propositions of
logic are tautologies is not at all essential to logic, if only because the
propositions from which the proof starts must show without any proof that
they are tautologies.
6.1261 In logic process and result are equivalent. (Hence the absence of
surprise.)
6.24 The method by which mathematics arrives at its equations is the method
of substitution. For equations express the substitutability of two
expressions and, starting from a number of equations, we advance to new
equations by substituting different expressions in accordance with the
equations.
6.362 What can be described can happen too: and what the law of causality
is meant to exclude cannot even be described.
6.363 The procedure of induction consists in accepting as true the simplest
law that can be reconciled with our experiences.
6.3631 This procedure, however, has no logical justification but only a
psychological one. It is clear that there are no grounds for believing that
the simplest eventuality will in fact be realized.
6.36311 It is an hypothesis that the sun will rise tomorrow: and this means
that we do not know whether it will rise.
6.37 There is no compulsion making one thing happen because another has
happened. The only necessity that exists is logical necessity.
6.371 The whole modern conception of the world is founded on the illusion
that the so-called laws of nature are the explanations of natural
phenomena.
6.4312 Not only is there no guarantee of the temporal immortality of the
human soul, that is to say of its eternal survival after death; but, in any
case, this assumption completely fails to accomplish the purpose for which
it has always been intended. Or is some riddle solved by my surviving for
ever? Is not this eternal life itself as much of a riddle as our present
life? The solution of the riddle of life in space and time lies outside
space and time. (It is certainly not the solution of any problems of
natural science that is required.)
-Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
by Ludwig Wittgenstein
Facts are true.
Truth is facts.
Therefore, facts are truth.
No, not so. Facts are facts. Truth is truth.
Looking for the facts of the truth, I lost the truth for the facts.
Looking for the truth, I found the facts.
I have knowledge of facts, but truth remains to be determined.
2.22 What a picture represents it represents independently of its truth or
falsity, by means of its pictorial form.
2.221 What a picture represents is its sense.
2.222 The agreement or disagreement or its sense with reality constitutes
its truth or falsity.
2.224 It is impossible to tell from the picture alone whether it is true or
false.
3.031 It used to be said that God could create anything except what would
be contrary to the laws of logic. The truth is that we could not say what an
'illogical' world would look like.
4.46 Among the possible groups of truth-conditions there are two
extreme cases. In one of these cases the proposition is true for all
the truth-possibilities of the elementary propositions. We say that
the truth-conditions are tautological. In the second case the
proposition is false for all the truth-possibilities: the
truth-conditions are contradictory . In the first case we call the
proposition a tautology; in the second, a contradiction.
4.461 Propositions show what they say; tautologies and contradictions show
that they say nothing. A tautology has no truth-conditions, since it is
unconditionally true: and a contradiction is true on no condition.
Tautologies and contradictions lack sense. (Like a point from which two
arrows go out in opposite directions to one another.) (For example, I know
nothing about the weather when I know that it is either raining or not
raining.)
4.46211 Tautologies and contradictions are not, however, nonsensical. They
are part of the symbolism, much as '0' is part of the symbolism of
arithmetic.
4.462 Tautologies and contradictions are not pictures of reality. They do
not represent any possible situations. For the former admit all possible
situations, and latter none. In a tautology the conditions of agreement
with the world--the representational relations--cancel one another, so that
it does not stand in any representational relation to reality.
4.463 The truth-conditions of a proposition determine the range that it
leaves open to the facts. (A proposition, a picture, or a model is, in the
negative sense, like a solid body that restricts the freedom of movement of
others, and in the positive sense, like a space bounded by solid substance
in which there is room for a body.) A tautology leaves open to reality the
whole--the infinite whole--of logical space: a contradiction fills the
whole of logical space leaving no point of it for reality. Thus neither of
them can determine reality in any way.
4.464 A tautology's truth is certain, a proposition's possible, a
contradiction's impossible. (Certain, possible, impossible: here we have
the first indication of the scale that we need in the theory of
probability.)
4.465 The logical product of a tautology and a proposition says the same
thing as the proposition. This product, therefore, is identical with the
proposition. For it is impossible to alter what is essential to a symbol
without altering its sense.
4.466 What corresponds to a determinate logical combination of signs is a
determinate logical combination of their meanings. It is only to the
uncombined signs that absolutely any combination corresponds. In other
words, propositions that are true for every situation cannot be
combinations of signs at all, since, if they were, only determinate
combinations of objects could correspond to them. (And what is not a
logical combination has no combination of objects corresponding to it.)
Tautology and contradiction are the limiting cases--indeed the
disintegration--of the combination of signs.
6.2321 And the possibility of proving the propositions of mathematics means
simply that their correctness can be perceived without its being necessary
that what they express should itself be compared with the facts in order to
determine its correctness.
6.2322 It is impossible to assert the identity of meaning of two
expressions. For in order to be able to assert anything about their
meaning, I must know their meaning, and I cannot know their meaning without
knowing whether what they mean is the same or different.
6.43 If the good or bad exercise of the will does alter the world, it can
alter only the limits of the world, not the facts--not what can be
expressed by means of language. In short the effect must be that it becomes
an altogether different world. It must, so to speak, wax and wane as a
whole. The world of the happy man is a different one from that of the
unhappy man.
6.1251 Hence there can never be surprises in logic.
6.126 One can calculate whether a proposition belongs to logic, by
calculating the logical properties of the symbol. And this is what we do
when we 'prove' a logical proposition. For, without bothering about sense
or meaning, we construct the logical proposition out of others using only
rules that deal with signs . The proof of logical propositions consists in
the following process: we produce them out of other logical propositions by
successively applying certain operations that always generate further
tautologies out of the initial ones. (And in fact only tautologies follow
from a tautology.) Of course this way of showing that the propositions of
logic are tautologies is not at all essential to logic, if only because the
propositions from which the proof starts must show without any proof that
they are tautologies.
6.1261 In logic process and result are equivalent. (Hence the absence of
surprise.)
6.24 The method by which mathematics arrives at its equations is the method
of substitution. For equations express the substitutability of two
expressions and, starting from a number of equations, we advance to new
equations by substituting different expressions in accordance with the
equations.
6.362 What can be described can happen too: and what the law of causality
is meant to exclude cannot even be described.
6.363 The procedure of induction consists in accepting as true the simplest
law that can be reconciled with our experiences.
6.3631 This procedure, however, has no logical justification but only a
psychological one. It is clear that there are no grounds for believing that
the simplest eventuality will in fact be realized.
6.36311 It is an hypothesis that the sun will rise tomorrow: and this means
that we do not know whether it will rise.
6.37 There is no compulsion making one thing happen because another has
happened. The only necessity that exists is logical necessity.
6.371 The whole modern conception of the world is founded on the illusion
that the so-called laws of nature are the explanations of natural
phenomena.
6.4312 Not only is there no guarantee of the temporal immortality of the
human soul, that is to say of its eternal survival after death; but, in any
case, this assumption completely fails to accomplish the purpose for which
it has always been intended. Or is some riddle solved by my surviving for
ever? Is not this eternal life itself as much of a riddle as our present
life? The solution of the riddle of life in space and time lies outside
space and time. (It is certainly not the solution of any problems of
natural science that is required.)
-Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
by Ludwig Wittgenstein
Thursday, August 13, 2009
This answered me.
Milk and honey,
Blood and money.
A new day dawns,
And all is sunny.
23:007:015 Butter and honey shall he eat, that he may know to refuse the
evil, and choose the good.
016:017 Every man shall give as he is able, according to the blessing
of the LORD thy God which he hath given thee.
034:001 Furthermore Elihu answered and said,
18:034:003 For the ear trieth words, as the mouth tasteth meat.
18:034:004 Let us choose to us judgment: let us know among ourselves what
is good.
18:034:033 Should it be according to thy mind? he will recompense it,
whether thou refuse, or whether thou choose; and not I:
therefore speak what thou knowest.
19:025:012 What man is he that feareth the LORD? him shall he teach in
the way that he shall choose.
20:001:029 For that they hated knowledge, and did not choose the fear of
the LORD:
23:066:004 I also will choose their delusions, and will bring their fears
upon them; because when I called, none did answer; when I
spake, they did not hear: but they did evil before mine eyes,
and chose that in which I delighted not.
YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE (from the legal notice accompanying the document the verses are quoted from.)
18:021:013 They spend their days in wealth, and in a moment go down to
the grave.
18:021:015 What is the Almighty, that we should serve him? and what
profit should we have, if we pray unto him?
20:002:011 Discretion shall preserve thee, understanding shall keep thee:
20:002:012 To deliver thee from the way of the evil man, from the man
that speaketh froward things;
21:005:009 Moreover the profit of the earth is for all: the king himself
is served by the field.
The curse for making it worse...
24:016:011 Then shalt thou say unto them, Because your fathers have
forsaken me, saith the LORD, and have walked after other gods,
and have served them, and have worshipped them, and have
forsaken me, and have not kept my law;
24:016:012 And ye have done worse than your fathers; for, behold, ye walk
every one after the imagination of his evil heart, that they
may not hearken unto me:
24:016:013 Therefore will I cast you out of this land into a land that ye
know not, neither ye nor your fathers; and there shall ye
serve other gods day and night; where I will not shew you
favour.
40:004:010 Then saith Jesus unto him, Get thee hence, Satan: for it is
written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only
shalt thou serve.
What was Jesus executed for? He cursed the authorities, judges, and enforcers of the law for failure to fulfill the promise of keeping the law.
40:023:024 Ye blind guides, which strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel.
42:022:027 For whether is greater, he that sitteth at meat, or he that
serveth? is not he that sitteth at meat? but I am among you as
he that serveth.
42:005:038 But new wine must be put into new bottles; and both are
preserved.
New wine represents new life. New bottles are respect for the difference between clean innocence and filthy indulgence.
You can raise a child in a pig pen, and you can say pigs are fun, but you can't stop the child from playing with pigs.
You are what you are.
You are not what you will be.
You cannot be what you were.
You are not what you think you are.
You are not what you pretend to be.
If God is truth,
You are what both you and God know you are, knew you were, and will be.
Does God know how this is?
20:014:015 The simple believeth every word: but the prudent man looketh
well to his going.
20:014:022 Do they not err that devise evil? but mercy and truth shall be
to them that devise good.
20:008:005 O ye simple, understand wisdom: and, ye fools, be ye of an
understanding heart.
20:007:007 And beheld among the simple ones, I discerned among the
youths, a young man void of understanding,
19:116:006 The LORD preserveth the simple: I was brought low, and he
helped me.
20:001:022 How long, ye simple ones, will ye love simplicity? and the
scorners delight in their scorning, and fools hate knowledge?
45:016:017 Now I beseech you, brethren, mark them which cause divisions
and offences contrary to the doctrine which ye have learned;
and avoid them.
45:016:018 For they that are such serve not our Lord Jesus Christ, but
their own belly; and by good words and fair speeches deceive
the hearts of the simple.
20:001:032 For the turning away of the simple shall slay them, and the
prosperity of fools shall destroy them.
45:016:019 For your obedience is come abroad unto all men. I am glad
therefore on your behalf: but yet I would have you wise unto
that which is good, and simple concerning evil.
41:011:022 And Jesus answering saith unto them, Have faith in God.
41:011:023 For verily I say unto you, That whosoever shall say unto this
mountain, Be thou removed, and be thou cast into the sea; and
shall not doubt in his heart, but shall believe that those
things which he saith shall come to pass; he shall have
whatsoever he saith.
40:021:032 For John came unto you in the way of righteousness, and ye
believed him not: but the publicans and the harlots believed
him: and ye, when ye had seen it, repented not afterward, that
ye might believe him.
40:027:041 Likewise also the chief priests mocking him, with the scribes
and elders, said,
40:027:042 He saved others; himself he cannot save. If he be the King of
Israel, let him now come down from the cross, and we will
believe him.
40:027:043 He trusted in God; let him deliver him now, if he will have
him: for he said, I am the Son of God.
40:027:044 The thieves also, which were crucified with him, cast the same
in his teeth.
40:027:045 Now from the sixth hour there was darkness over all the land
unto the ninth hour.
41:009:042 And whosoever shall offend one of these little ones that
believe in me, it is better for him that a millstone were
hanged about his neck, and he were cast into the sea.
41:005:036 As soon as Jesus heard the word that was spoken, he saith unto
the ruler of the synagogue, Be not afraid, only believe.
41:009:024 And straightway the father of the child cried out, and said
with tears, Lord, I believe; help thou mine unbelief.
41:011:024 Therefore I say unto you, What things soever ye desire, when
ye pray, believe that ye receive them, and ye shall have them.
41:016:008 And they went out quickly, and fled from the sepulchre; for
they trembled and were amazed: neither said they any thing to
any man; for they were afraid.
41:016:009 Now when Jesus was risen early the first day of the week, he
appeared first to Mary Magdalene, out of whom he had cast
seven devils.
41:016:010 And she went and told them that had been with him, as they
mourned and wept.
41:016:011 And they, when they had heard that he was alive, and had been
seen of her, believed not.
41:016:012 After that he appeared in another form unto two of them, as
they walked, and went into the country.
41:016:013 And they went and told it unto the residue: neither believed
they them.
41:016:014 Afterward he appeared unto the eleven as they sat at meat, and
upbraided them with their unbelief and hardness of heart,
because they believed not them which had seen him after he was
risen.
41:016:015 And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach
the gospel to every creature.
41:016:016 He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that
believeth not shall be damned.
41:016:017 And these signs shall follow them that believe; In my name
shall they cast out devils; they shall speak with new tongues;
41:016:018 They shall take up serpents; and if they drink any deadly
thing, it shall not hurt them; they shall lay hands on the
sick, and they shall recover.
41:016:019 So then after the Lord had spoken unto them, he was received
up into heaven, and sat on the right hand of God.
45:016:020 And the God of peace shall bruise Satan under your feet
shortly.
04:006:024 The LORD bless thee, and keep thee:
04:006:025 The LORD make his face shine upon thee, and be gracious unto
thee:
04:006:026 The LORD lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee
peace.
Blood and money.
A new day dawns,
And all is sunny.
23:007:015 Butter and honey shall he eat, that he may know to refuse the
evil, and choose the good.
016:017 Every man shall give as he is able, according to the blessing
of the LORD thy God which he hath given thee.
034:001 Furthermore Elihu answered and said,
18:034:003 For the ear trieth words, as the mouth tasteth meat.
18:034:004 Let us choose to us judgment: let us know among ourselves what
is good.
18:034:033 Should it be according to thy mind? he will recompense it,
whether thou refuse, or whether thou choose; and not I:
therefore speak what thou knowest.
19:025:012 What man is he that feareth the LORD? him shall he teach in
the way that he shall choose.
20:001:029 For that they hated knowledge, and did not choose the fear of
the LORD:
23:066:004 I also will choose their delusions, and will bring their fears
upon them; because when I called, none did answer; when I
spake, they did not hear: but they did evil before mine eyes,
and chose that in which I delighted not.
YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE (from the legal notice accompanying the document the verses are quoted from.)
18:021:013 They spend their days in wealth, and in a moment go down to
the grave.
18:021:015 What is the Almighty, that we should serve him? and what
profit should we have, if we pray unto him?
20:002:011 Discretion shall preserve thee, understanding shall keep thee:
20:002:012 To deliver thee from the way of the evil man, from the man
that speaketh froward things;
21:005:009 Moreover the profit of the earth is for all: the king himself
is served by the field.
The curse for making it worse...
24:016:011 Then shalt thou say unto them, Because your fathers have
forsaken me, saith the LORD, and have walked after other gods,
and have served them, and have worshipped them, and have
forsaken me, and have not kept my law;
24:016:012 And ye have done worse than your fathers; for, behold, ye walk
every one after the imagination of his evil heart, that they
may not hearken unto me:
24:016:013 Therefore will I cast you out of this land into a land that ye
know not, neither ye nor your fathers; and there shall ye
serve other gods day and night; where I will not shew you
favour.
40:004:010 Then saith Jesus unto him, Get thee hence, Satan: for it is
written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only
shalt thou serve.
What was Jesus executed for? He cursed the authorities, judges, and enforcers of the law for failure to fulfill the promise of keeping the law.
40:023:024 Ye blind guides, which strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel.
42:022:027 For whether is greater, he that sitteth at meat, or he that
serveth? is not he that sitteth at meat? but I am among you as
he that serveth.
42:005:038 But new wine must be put into new bottles; and both are
preserved.
New wine represents new life. New bottles are respect for the difference between clean innocence and filthy indulgence.
You can raise a child in a pig pen, and you can say pigs are fun, but you can't stop the child from playing with pigs.
You are what you are.
You are not what you will be.
You cannot be what you were.
You are not what you think you are.
You are not what you pretend to be.
If God is truth,
You are what both you and God know you are, knew you were, and will be.
Does God know how this is?
20:014:015 The simple believeth every word: but the prudent man looketh
well to his going.
20:014:022 Do they not err that devise evil? but mercy and truth shall be
to them that devise good.
20:008:005 O ye simple, understand wisdom: and, ye fools, be ye of an
understanding heart.
20:007:007 And beheld among the simple ones, I discerned among the
youths, a young man void of understanding,
19:116:006 The LORD preserveth the simple: I was brought low, and he
helped me.
20:001:022 How long, ye simple ones, will ye love simplicity? and the
scorners delight in their scorning, and fools hate knowledge?
45:016:017 Now I beseech you, brethren, mark them which cause divisions
and offences contrary to the doctrine which ye have learned;
and avoid them.
45:016:018 For they that are such serve not our Lord Jesus Christ, but
their own belly; and by good words and fair speeches deceive
the hearts of the simple.
20:001:032 For the turning away of the simple shall slay them, and the
prosperity of fools shall destroy them.
45:016:019 For your obedience is come abroad unto all men. I am glad
therefore on your behalf: but yet I would have you wise unto
that which is good, and simple concerning evil.
41:011:022 And Jesus answering saith unto them, Have faith in God.
41:011:023 For verily I say unto you, That whosoever shall say unto this
mountain, Be thou removed, and be thou cast into the sea; and
shall not doubt in his heart, but shall believe that those
things which he saith shall come to pass; he shall have
whatsoever he saith.
40:021:032 For John came unto you in the way of righteousness, and ye
believed him not: but the publicans and the harlots believed
him: and ye, when ye had seen it, repented not afterward, that
ye might believe him.
40:027:041 Likewise also the chief priests mocking him, with the scribes
and elders, said,
40:027:042 He saved others; himself he cannot save. If he be the King of
Israel, let him now come down from the cross, and we will
believe him.
40:027:043 He trusted in God; let him deliver him now, if he will have
him: for he said, I am the Son of God.
40:027:044 The thieves also, which were crucified with him, cast the same
in his teeth.
40:027:045 Now from the sixth hour there was darkness over all the land
unto the ninth hour.
41:009:042 And whosoever shall offend one of these little ones that
believe in me, it is better for him that a millstone were
hanged about his neck, and he were cast into the sea.
41:005:036 As soon as Jesus heard the word that was spoken, he saith unto
the ruler of the synagogue, Be not afraid, only believe.
41:009:024 And straightway the father of the child cried out, and said
with tears, Lord, I believe; help thou mine unbelief.
41:011:024 Therefore I say unto you, What things soever ye desire, when
ye pray, believe that ye receive them, and ye shall have them.
41:016:008 And they went out quickly, and fled from the sepulchre; for
they trembled and were amazed: neither said they any thing to
any man; for they were afraid.
41:016:009 Now when Jesus was risen early the first day of the week, he
appeared first to Mary Magdalene, out of whom he had cast
seven devils.
41:016:010 And she went and told them that had been with him, as they
mourned and wept.
41:016:011 And they, when they had heard that he was alive, and had been
seen of her, believed not.
41:016:012 After that he appeared in another form unto two of them, as
they walked, and went into the country.
41:016:013 And they went and told it unto the residue: neither believed
they them.
41:016:014 Afterward he appeared unto the eleven as they sat at meat, and
upbraided them with their unbelief and hardness of heart,
because they believed not them which had seen him after he was
risen.
41:016:015 And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach
the gospel to every creature.
41:016:016 He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that
believeth not shall be damned.
41:016:017 And these signs shall follow them that believe; In my name
shall they cast out devils; they shall speak with new tongues;
41:016:018 They shall take up serpents; and if they drink any deadly
thing, it shall not hurt them; they shall lay hands on the
sick, and they shall recover.
41:016:019 So then after the Lord had spoken unto them, he was received
up into heaven, and sat on the right hand of God.
45:016:020 And the God of peace shall bruise Satan under your feet
shortly.
04:006:024 The LORD bless thee, and keep thee:
04:006:025 The LORD make his face shine upon thee, and be gracious unto
thee:
04:006:026 The LORD lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee
peace.
Wednesday, August 12, 2009
Grab this before it's gone
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum
Here is a clip from the above page to whet the appetite:
"
Here is a clip from the above page to whet the appetite:
"
For example, consider the proposition Cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos (literally: 'for whoever owns the soil, it is theirs up to Heaven and down to Hell'. This is also known as Ad Coelum.
A legal reductio ad absurdum argument against the proposition might be:
Suppose we take this proposition to a logical extreme. This would grant a land owner rights to everything in a cone from the center of the earth to an infinite distance out into space, and whatever was inside that cone, including stars and planets. It is absurd that someone who purchases land on earth should own other planets, therefore this proposition is wrong.
(This is a straw man fallacy if it is used to prove that the practical legal use of "Ad Coelum" is wrong, since Ad Coelum is only actually ever used to delineate rights in cases of tree branches that grow over boundary fences, mining rights, etc.[3] Reductio ad absurdum applied to Ad Coelum is, in this case, claiming that Ad Coelum is saying something that it is not. If anything, the reductio ad absurdum above argues only against taking Ad Coelum to its fullest extent - which in fact nobody ever does anyway.)
In a strict logical sense, this is a reductio ad incommodum rather than ad absurdum - in logic, the term 'absurdity' applies only to impossible self-contradiction, not the merely undesirable consequence we see here. It is only in everyday (or legal) usage that this could acceptably be called a reduction ad absurdum."
Microcosm of all History and Law
"...in general, the validity of an inference does not guarantee the
truth of the statements in the inference. The validity only assures us
the truth of the conclusion assuming that the premises are
true."-http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Modus_ponens_and_Modus_tollens
I heard mention of a new witch hunt cutely named, "The Difficult Neighbor Problem". Amazing is it not that human sin has not changed in over 10,000 years. A kind of chronic peripateia. In that the persecution of undesirable neighbors has been a central issue of most conflicts and the propagation of a choking volume of legislation seems too coincidental to ignore.
Psychology would suggest that the offended is a projecting neurotic, blaming the undesirable for not being a slave to the offended's claims, justified by the assumption that all must do for the common good, while denying the responsibility of helping in respect of a greater good for all because the offended is not considered as being offensive. "That's not junk. It's lawn art."
Who is the offender? Claimant or defendent? If negligence is an offence, then both are guilty under the law. The first (claimant) for denying the first sufficient assistance to satisfy the claim, the second (defendent) for lack of maintenance. Burden of proof problem.
Our Constitution was born out of a conflict over undesirable neighbors, and how to best negotiate the due by process of rule of law. Oh boy, is that where we have descended to, or from?
If a flag and gun toting zealot were to clean up property not his own, who would say he had done it wrong? He did it wrong by the method he used if a flag and gun were involved. (It's difficult to work a pump or a shovel while holding a flagstaff or a semiautomatic rifle.) There were few reports of helpful assistance rendered by the armed militia preventing looting as residents struggled to save lives and property during hurricane Katrina. Older times also included sharp instruments of division of fleshly parts, or simply stabbing the offensive object to cause death by hemorrage. Modern times include Eminent Domain and bulldozing. Witchcraft, voodoo, sorcery, specific extortion, and nonspecific aggravation.
Rational thinkers not. Irrational human beasts more likely. And isn't it odd that the beast claiming to be offended, offends as a beast?
agent provocateur is defined as: n. Person employed to detect suspected offenders by tempting them to overt action.
Agrarian agorophobics I say
33:002:004 In that day shall one take up a parable against you, and
lament with a doleful lamentation, and say, We be utterly
spoiled: he hath changed the portion of my people: how hath he
removed it from me! turning away he hath divided our fields.
35:002:006 Shall not all these take up a parable against him, and a
taunting proverb against him, and say, Woe to him that
increaseth that which is not his! how long? and to him that
ladeth himself with thick clay!
40:013:037 He answered and said unto them, He that soweth the good seed
is the Son of man;
40:013:038 The field is the world; the good seed are the children of the
kingdom; but the tares are the children of the wicked one;
40:013:039 The enemy that sowed them is the devil; the harvest is the end
of the world; and the reapers are the angels.
40:013:040 As therefore the tares are gathered and burned in the fire; so
shall it be in the end of this world.
40:013:041 The Son of man shall send forth his angels, and they shall
gather out of his kingdom all things that offend, and them
which do iniquity;
40:013:042 And shall cast them into a furnace of fire: there shall be
wailing and gnashing of teeth.
40:013:043 Then shall the righteous shine forth as the sun in the kingdom
of their Father. Who hath ears to hear, let him hear.
40:013:044 Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto treasure hid in a
field; the which when a man hath found, he hideth, and for joy
thereof goeth and selleth all that he hath, and buyeth that
field.
40:013:045 Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man,
seeking goodly pearls:
40:013:046 Who, when he had found one pearl of great price, went and sold
all that he had, and bought it.
40:013:047 Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a net, that was cast
into the sea, and gathered of every kind:
40:013:048 Which, when it was full, they drew to shore, and sat down, and
gathered the good into vessels, but cast the bad away.
40:013:049 So shall it be at the end of the world: the angels shall come
forth, and sever the wicked from among the just,
40:013:050 And shall cast them into the furnace of fire: there shall be
wailing and gnashing of teeth.
40:013:051 Jesus saith unto them, Have ye understood all these things?
They say unto him, Yea, Lord.
40:013:052 Then said he unto them, Therefore every scribe which is
instructed unto the kingdom of heaven is like unto a man that
is an householder, which bringeth forth out of his treasure
things new and old.
truth of the statements in the inference. The validity only assures us
the truth of the conclusion assuming that the premises are
true."-http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Modus_ponens_and_Modus_tollens
I heard mention of a new witch hunt cutely named, "The Difficult Neighbor Problem". Amazing is it not that human sin has not changed in over 10,000 years. A kind of chronic peripateia. In that the persecution of undesirable neighbors has been a central issue of most conflicts and the propagation of a choking volume of legislation seems too coincidental to ignore.
Psychology would suggest that the offended is a projecting neurotic, blaming the undesirable for not being a slave to the offended's claims, justified by the assumption that all must do for the common good, while denying the responsibility of helping in respect of a greater good for all because the offended is not considered as being offensive. "That's not junk. It's lawn art."
Who is the offender? Claimant or defendent? If negligence is an offence, then both are guilty under the law. The first (claimant) for denying the first sufficient assistance to satisfy the claim, the second (defendent) for lack of maintenance. Burden of proof problem.
Our Constitution was born out of a conflict over undesirable neighbors, and how to best negotiate the due by process of rule of law. Oh boy, is that where we have descended to, or from?
If a flag and gun toting zealot were to clean up property not his own, who would say he had done it wrong? He did it wrong by the method he used if a flag and gun were involved. (It's difficult to work a pump or a shovel while holding a flagstaff or a semiautomatic rifle.) There were few reports of helpful assistance rendered by the armed militia preventing looting as residents struggled to save lives and property during hurricane Katrina. Older times also included sharp instruments of division of fleshly parts, or simply stabbing the offensive object to cause death by hemorrage. Modern times include Eminent Domain and bulldozing. Witchcraft, voodoo, sorcery, specific extortion, and nonspecific aggravation.
Rational thinkers not. Irrational human beasts more likely. And isn't it odd that the beast claiming to be offended, offends as a beast?
agent provocateur is defined as: n. Person employed to detect suspected offenders by tempting them to overt action.
Agrarian agorophobics I say
33:002:004 In that day shall one take up a parable against you, and
lament with a doleful lamentation, and say, We be utterly
spoiled: he hath changed the portion of my people: how hath he
removed it from me! turning away he hath divided our fields.
35:002:006 Shall not all these take up a parable against him, and a
taunting proverb against him, and say, Woe to him that
increaseth that which is not his! how long? and to him that
ladeth himself with thick clay!
40:013:037 He answered and said unto them, He that soweth the good seed
is the Son of man;
40:013:038 The field is the world; the good seed are the children of the
kingdom; but the tares are the children of the wicked one;
40:013:039 The enemy that sowed them is the devil; the harvest is the end
of the world; and the reapers are the angels.
40:013:040 As therefore the tares are gathered and burned in the fire; so
shall it be in the end of this world.
40:013:041 The Son of man shall send forth his angels, and they shall
gather out of his kingdom all things that offend, and them
which do iniquity;
40:013:042 And shall cast them into a furnace of fire: there shall be
wailing and gnashing of teeth.
40:013:043 Then shall the righteous shine forth as the sun in the kingdom
of their Father. Who hath ears to hear, let him hear.
40:013:044 Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto treasure hid in a
field; the which when a man hath found, he hideth, and for joy
thereof goeth and selleth all that he hath, and buyeth that
field.
40:013:045 Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man,
seeking goodly pearls:
40:013:046 Who, when he had found one pearl of great price, went and sold
all that he had, and bought it.
40:013:047 Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a net, that was cast
into the sea, and gathered of every kind:
40:013:048 Which, when it was full, they drew to shore, and sat down, and
gathered the good into vessels, but cast the bad away.
40:013:049 So shall it be at the end of the world: the angels shall come
forth, and sever the wicked from among the just,
40:013:050 And shall cast them into the furnace of fire: there shall be
wailing and gnashing of teeth.
40:013:051 Jesus saith unto them, Have ye understood all these things?
They say unto him, Yea, Lord.
40:013:052 Then said he unto them, Therefore every scribe which is
instructed unto the kingdom of heaven is like unto a man that
is an householder, which bringeth forth out of his treasure
things new and old.
Tuesday, August 11, 2009
Real example of a logical analysis of legal record.
In attempting to analyze a legal document for it's logical properties, a summary and evaluation needs to preceed. The issue I have chosen is, McCulloch vs. Maryland, a Supreme Court decision made in 1819.
I picked some sites from a search on the subject for background information: http://www.landmarkcases.org/mcculloch/background3.html
http://www.usnews.com/usnews/documents/docpages/document_page21.htm
http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/McCulloch+vs.+Maryland
http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/D/1801-1825/marshallcases/mar05.htm
http://www.cinenet.net/~daven/documents.html
The conclusion to me is, that according to the Constitution, the power to wage war was reserved to Congress. However, waging war is very expensive and requires monetary recources, so voila, a central bank. But, be careful here, because the conflict of wording is crucial. Power and right are not synonymous nor equivocal. Right implies justification, power implies means.
Thus if, the rights to Congress are given by the Constitution, but the power to use those rights must be gleaned from the economy of all the people in the form of taxation, and trust in delegated authority, where is the burden of proof in the justification of decisions resulting in law?
Sovereignty of jurisdictional domain is always in danger of conflict. Typical case is stated as the issue of two neighbors adjacent but separated by a fence to mark the property line. A storm rolls in and topples a tree. The tree is rooted on one side of the fence, but topples over the fence. Which neighbor has the right to the wood if the issue goes to court?
When John Marshall gave the summary of the Supreme Court's decision, he included this reason:
"The difference is that which always exists, and always must exist, between the action of the whole on a [17 U.S. 316, 436] part, and the action of a part on the whole-between the laws of a government declared to be supreme, and those of a government which, when in opposition to those laws, is not supreme."
More transcript from the case:
"M'CULLOCH
v.
STATE OF MARYLAND et al.
February Term, 1819
No political dreamer was ever wild enough to think of breaking down the lines which separate the states, and of compounding the American people into one common mass. Of consequence, when they act, they act in their states. But the measures they adopt do not, on that account, cease to be the measures of the people themselves, or become the measures of the state governments.
-MARSHALL, Ch. J., delivered the opinion of the court.
The objections to the constitution which are noticed in these numbers, were to the undefined power of the government to tax, not to the incidental privilege of exempting its own measures from state taxation. The consequences apprehended from this undefined power were, that it would absorb all the objects of taxation, 'to the exclusion and destruction of the state governments.' The arguments of the Federalist are intended to prove the fallacy of these apprehensions; not to prove that the government was incapable of executing any of its powers, without exposing the means it employed to the embarrassments of state taxation. Arguments urged against these objections, and these apprehensions, are to be understood as relating to the points they [17 U.S. 316, 435] mean to prove. Had the authors of those excellent essays been asked, whether they contended for that construction of the constitution, which would place within the reach of the states those measures which the government might adopt for the execution of its powers; no man, who has read their instructive pages, will hesitate to admit, that their answer must have been in the negative. -Marshall
The government of the United States has itself a great pecuniary interest in this corporation. Can the states tax this property? Under the confederation, when the national government, not having the power of direct legislation, could not protect its own property by its own laws, it was expressly stipulated, that 'no impositions, duties or restrictions should be laid by any state on the property of the United States.' Is it supposed, that property of the United States is now subject to the power of the state governments, in a greater degree than under the confederation? If this power of taxation be admitted, what is to be its limit? -Webster
It has also been insisted, that, as the power of taxation in the general and state governments is acknowledged to be concurrent, every argument which would sustain the right of the general government to tax banks chartered by the states, will equally sustain the right of the states to tax banks chartered by the general government. But the two cases are not on the same reason. The people of all the states have created the general government, and have conferred upon it the general power of taxation. The people of all the states, and the states themselves, are represented in congress, and, by their representatives, exercise this power. When they tax the chartered institutions of the states, they tax their constituents; and these taxes must be uniform. But when a state taxes the operations of the government of the United States, it acts upon institutions created, not by their own constituents, but by people over whom they claim no control. It acts upon the measures of a government created by others as well as themselves, for the benefit of others in common with themselves. The difference is that which always exists, and always must exist, between the action of the whole on a [17 U.S. 316, 436] part, and the action of a part on the whole-between the laws of a government declared to be supreme, and those of a government which, when in opposition to those laws, is not supreme.
But if the full application of this argument could be admitted, it might bring into question the right of congress to tax the state banks, and could not prove the rights of the states to tax the Bank of the United States.
The court has bestowed on this subject its most deliberate consideration. The result is a conviction that the states have no power, by taxation or otherwise, to retard, impede, burden, or in any manner control, the operations of the constitutional laws enacted by congress to carry into execution the powers vested in the general government. This is, we think, the unavoidable consequence of that supremacy which the constitution has declared. We are unanimously of opinion, that the law passed by the legislature of Maryland, imposing a tax on the Bank of the United States, is unconstitutional and void." -Marshall
Webster's defense:
"3. If, however, the states of this Union have surrendered themselves in this manner, by implication, to the congress of the United States, and to such corporations as the congress, from time to time, may find it 'necessary and proper' to create; if a state may no longer decide, whether a trading association, with independent powers and immunities, shall plant itself in its territory, carry on its business, make a currency and trade on its credit, raising capitals for individuals as fictitious as its own; if all this must be granted, the third and great question in this cause presents itself for consideration; that is, shall this association come there with rights of sovereignty, paramount to the sovereignty of the state, and with privileges possessed by no other persons, corporations or property in the state? in other words, can the bank and its branches, thus established, claim to be exempt from the ordinary and equal taxation of property, as assessed in the states in which they are placed? As this overwhelming invasion of state sovereignty is not warranted by any express clause or grant in the constitution, and never was [17 U.S. 316, 338] imagined by any state that adopted and ratified that constitution, it will be conceded, that it must be found to be necessarily and indissolubly connected with the power to establish the bank, or it must be repelled. The court has always shown a just anxiety to prevent any conflict between the federal and state powers; to construe both so as to avoid an interference, if possible, and to preserve that harmony of action in both, on which the prosperity and happiness of all depend. If, therefore, the right to incorporate a national bank may exist, and be exercised consistently with the right of the state, to tax the property of such bank within its territory, the court will maintain both rights; although some inconvenience or diminution of advantage may be the consequence.
Corporations are but means. They are not ends and objects of government. No government exists for the purpose of creating corporations as one of the ends of its being. They are institutions established to effect certain beneficial purposes; [17 U.S. 316, 326] and, as means, take their character generally from their end and object. They are civil or eleemosynary, public or private, according to the object intended by their creation. They are common means, such as all governments use. The state governments create corporations to execute powers confided to their trust, without any specific authority in the state constitutions for that purpose. There is the same reason that congress should exercise its discretion as to the means by which it must execute the powers conferred upon it. Congress has duties to perform and powers to execute. It has a right to the means by which these duties can be properly and most usefully performed, and these powers executed. Among other means, it has established a bank; and before the act establishing it can be pronounced unconstitutional and void, it must be shown, that a bank has no fair connection with the execution of any power or duty of the national government, and that its creation is consequently a manifest usurpation." -Webster, for the plaintiff in error,3 stated, U.S. Supreme Court
M'CULLOCH v. STATE, 17 U.S. 316 (1819)
Here's the dilemma: Does right prevail over power, or does power prevail over right?
Abuse of power is not a right. Violation of rights is infraction of law. If the law is at logical fault due to error, then power and rights cannot be justified.
In Geometry this similar to a problem of finding a rectangle and a circle of exactly the same area.
(I know that seems remote)
From the KJV Bible regarding similar issues:
45:012:004 For as we have many members in one body, and all members have
not the same office:
46:010:017 For we being many are one bread, and one body: for we are all
partakers of that one bread.
46:012:012 For as the body is one, and hath many members, and all the
members of that one body, being many, are one body:
43:007:051 Doth our law judge any man, before it hear him, and know what
he doeth?
20:013:010 Only by pride cometh contention: but with the well advised is
wisdom.
20:017:013 Whoso rewardeth evil for good, evil shall not depart from his
house.
20:017:014 The beginning of strife is as when one letteth out water:
therefore leave off contention, before it be meddled with.
018:019 A brother offended is harder to be won than a strong city: and
their contentions are like the bars of a castle.
56:003:009 But avoid foolish questions, and genealogies, and contentions,
and strivings about the law; for they are unprofitable and
vain.
I picked some sites from a search on the subject for background information: http://www.landmarkcases.org/mcculloch/background3.html
http://www.usnews.com/usnews/documents/docpages/document_page21.htm
http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/McCulloch+vs.+Maryland
http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/D/1801-1825/marshallcases/mar05.htm
http://www.cinenet.net/~daven/documents.html
The conclusion to me is, that according to the Constitution, the power to wage war was reserved to Congress. However, waging war is very expensive and requires monetary recources, so voila, a central bank. But, be careful here, because the conflict of wording is crucial. Power and right are not synonymous nor equivocal. Right implies justification, power implies means.
Thus if, the rights to Congress are given by the Constitution, but the power to use those rights must be gleaned from the economy of all the people in the form of taxation, and trust in delegated authority, where is the burden of proof in the justification of decisions resulting in law?
Sovereignty of jurisdictional domain is always in danger of conflict. Typical case is stated as the issue of two neighbors adjacent but separated by a fence to mark the property line. A storm rolls in and topples a tree. The tree is rooted on one side of the fence, but topples over the fence. Which neighbor has the right to the wood if the issue goes to court?
When John Marshall gave the summary of the Supreme Court's decision, he included this reason:
"The difference is that which always exists, and always must exist, between the action of the whole on a [17 U.S. 316, 436] part, and the action of a part on the whole-between the laws of a government declared to be supreme, and those of a government which, when in opposition to those laws, is not supreme."
More transcript from the case:
"M'CULLOCH
v.
STATE OF MARYLAND et al.
February Term, 1819
No political dreamer was ever wild enough to think of breaking down the lines which separate the states, and of compounding the American people into one common mass. Of consequence, when they act, they act in their states. But the measures they adopt do not, on that account, cease to be the measures of the people themselves, or become the measures of the state governments.
-MARSHALL, Ch. J., delivered the opinion of the court.
The objections to the constitution which are noticed in these numbers, were to the undefined power of the government to tax, not to the incidental privilege of exempting its own measures from state taxation. The consequences apprehended from this undefined power were, that it would absorb all the objects of taxation, 'to the exclusion and destruction of the state governments.' The arguments of the Federalist are intended to prove the fallacy of these apprehensions; not to prove that the government was incapable of executing any of its powers, without exposing the means it employed to the embarrassments of state taxation. Arguments urged against these objections, and these apprehensions, are to be understood as relating to the points they [17 U.S. 316, 435] mean to prove. Had the authors of those excellent essays been asked, whether they contended for that construction of the constitution, which would place within the reach of the states those measures which the government might adopt for the execution of its powers; no man, who has read their instructive pages, will hesitate to admit, that their answer must have been in the negative. -Marshall
The government of the United States has itself a great pecuniary interest in this corporation. Can the states tax this property? Under the confederation, when the national government, not having the power of direct legislation, could not protect its own property by its own laws, it was expressly stipulated, that 'no impositions, duties or restrictions should be laid by any state on the property of the United States.' Is it supposed, that property of the United States is now subject to the power of the state governments, in a greater degree than under the confederation? If this power of taxation be admitted, what is to be its limit? -Webster
It has also been insisted, that, as the power of taxation in the general and state governments is acknowledged to be concurrent, every argument which would sustain the right of the general government to tax banks chartered by the states, will equally sustain the right of the states to tax banks chartered by the general government. But the two cases are not on the same reason. The people of all the states have created the general government, and have conferred upon it the general power of taxation. The people of all the states, and the states themselves, are represented in congress, and, by their representatives, exercise this power. When they tax the chartered institutions of the states, they tax their constituents; and these taxes must be uniform. But when a state taxes the operations of the government of the United States, it acts upon institutions created, not by their own constituents, but by people over whom they claim no control. It acts upon the measures of a government created by others as well as themselves, for the benefit of others in common with themselves. The difference is that which always exists, and always must exist, between the action of the whole on a [17 U.S. 316, 436] part, and the action of a part on the whole-between the laws of a government declared to be supreme, and those of a government which, when in opposition to those laws, is not supreme.
But if the full application of this argument could be admitted, it might bring into question the right of congress to tax the state banks, and could not prove the rights of the states to tax the Bank of the United States.
The court has bestowed on this subject its most deliberate consideration. The result is a conviction that the states have no power, by taxation or otherwise, to retard, impede, burden, or in any manner control, the operations of the constitutional laws enacted by congress to carry into execution the powers vested in the general government. This is, we think, the unavoidable consequence of that supremacy which the constitution has declared. We are unanimously of opinion, that the law passed by the legislature of Maryland, imposing a tax on the Bank of the United States, is unconstitutional and void." -Marshall
Webster's defense:
"3. If, however, the states of this Union have surrendered themselves in this manner, by implication, to the congress of the United States, and to such corporations as the congress, from time to time, may find it 'necessary and proper' to create; if a state may no longer decide, whether a trading association, with independent powers and immunities, shall plant itself in its territory, carry on its business, make a currency and trade on its credit, raising capitals for individuals as fictitious as its own; if all this must be granted, the third and great question in this cause presents itself for consideration; that is, shall this association come there with rights of sovereignty, paramount to the sovereignty of the state, and with privileges possessed by no other persons, corporations or property in the state? in other words, can the bank and its branches, thus established, claim to be exempt from the ordinary and equal taxation of property, as assessed in the states in which they are placed? As this overwhelming invasion of state sovereignty is not warranted by any express clause or grant in the constitution, and never was [17 U.S. 316, 338] imagined by any state that adopted and ratified that constitution, it will be conceded, that it must be found to be necessarily and indissolubly connected with the power to establish the bank, or it must be repelled. The court has always shown a just anxiety to prevent any conflict between the federal and state powers; to construe both so as to avoid an interference, if possible, and to preserve that harmony of action in both, on which the prosperity and happiness of all depend. If, therefore, the right to incorporate a national bank may exist, and be exercised consistently with the right of the state, to tax the property of such bank within its territory, the court will maintain both rights; although some inconvenience or diminution of advantage may be the consequence.
Corporations are but means. They are not ends and objects of government. No government exists for the purpose of creating corporations as one of the ends of its being. They are institutions established to effect certain beneficial purposes; [17 U.S. 316, 326] and, as means, take their character generally from their end and object. They are civil or eleemosynary, public or private, according to the object intended by their creation. They are common means, such as all governments use. The state governments create corporations to execute powers confided to their trust, without any specific authority in the state constitutions for that purpose. There is the same reason that congress should exercise its discretion as to the means by which it must execute the powers conferred upon it. Congress has duties to perform and powers to execute. It has a right to the means by which these duties can be properly and most usefully performed, and these powers executed. Among other means, it has established a bank; and before the act establishing it can be pronounced unconstitutional and void, it must be shown, that a bank has no fair connection with the execution of any power or duty of the national government, and that its creation is consequently a manifest usurpation." -Webster, for the plaintiff in error,3 stated, U.S. Supreme Court
M'CULLOCH v. STATE, 17 U.S. 316 (1819)
Here's the dilemma: Does right prevail over power, or does power prevail over right?
Abuse of power is not a right. Violation of rights is infraction of law. If the law is at logical fault due to error, then power and rights cannot be justified.
In Geometry this similar to a problem of finding a rectangle and a circle of exactly the same area.
(I know that seems remote)
From the KJV Bible regarding similar issues:
45:012:004 For as we have many members in one body, and all members have
not the same office:
46:010:017 For we being many are one bread, and one body: for we are all
partakers of that one bread.
46:012:012 For as the body is one, and hath many members, and all the
members of that one body, being many, are one body:
43:007:051 Doth our law judge any man, before it hear him, and know what
he doeth?
20:013:010 Only by pride cometh contention: but with the well advised is
wisdom.
20:017:013 Whoso rewardeth evil for good, evil shall not depart from his
house.
20:017:014 The beginning of strife is as when one letteth out water:
therefore leave off contention, before it be meddled with.
018:019 A brother offended is harder to be won than a strong city: and
their contentions are like the bars of a castle.
56:003:009 But avoid foolish questions, and genealogies, and contentions,
and strivings about the law; for they are unprofitable and
vain.
How old are you?
Do you remember these?
Post WWII four engine transport and commercial aircraft named the C69/C121 Constellation.
Maximum of 44 passengers.
Built by Lockheed, it was Air Force One for President Eisenhower, renamed "Columbine III"
by the President's wife.
Details courtesy of: http://www.theaviationzone.com/factsheets/c121.asp
Not even good things last forever.
Maybe this will help
"Most programming languages, even those that do not have an explicit
Boolean type, have support for Boolean algebra operations such as
conjunction (AND, &, *), disjunction (OR, |, +), equivalence (EQV, =,
==), exclusive or/non-equivalence (XOR, NEQV, ^), and not (NOT, ~, !)."
C
To this day, Boolean values are commonly represented by integers in C
programs. The comparison operators (' > ', '==', etc.) are defined to
return a signed integer (int) result, either zero (for false) or
nonzero (for true). The Boolean operators (&&, ||) and conditional
statements (if, while) in C operate on integer values, with the same
interpretation. For example, the following C code
int t = (x > y);
if (t) { printf("True!\n");}
else { printf("False!\n"); }
is equivalent to
int t;
if (x > y) { t = -1; }
else { t = 0; }
if (t != 0) { printf("True!\n"); }
else { printf("False!\n"); }
However, since the C language standards allow the result of a
comparison to be any non-zero value, the statement if(t==1){...} is not
equivalent to if(t){...} or to if(t!=0){...}.
Since C standards mandate that 0 be interpreted as the null pointer
when used in a pointer context or cast to a pointer, one can test
whether a pointer is non-null by the statement if(p){...} instead of
if(p!=NULL){...} — although some code styles discourage this shorthand.
One can also write if(x){...} when x is a floating-point value, to mean
if(x!=){...}.
For convenience, many programmers and C header files use C's typedef
facility to define a Boolean type (which may be named Boolean, boolean,
bool, etc.). The Boolean type may be just an alias for a numeric type
like int or char. In that case, programmers often define also macros
for the true and false values. For example,
typedef int bool;
#define FALSE 0
#define TRUE (-1)
...
bool f = FALSE;
...
if (f) { ... }
The defined values of the TRUE and FALSE macros must be adequate for
the chosen Boolean type. Note that, on the now common two's complement
computer architectures, the signed value -1 is converted to a non-zero
value (~0, the bit-wise complement of zero) when cast to an unsigned
type, or assigned to an unsigned variable.
Another common choice is to define the Boolean type as an enumerated
type (enum) allows naming elements in the language of choice. For
example, the following code uses the English names FALSE and TRUE as
possible values of the type boolean. In this case, care must be taken
so that the false value is represented internally as a zero integer:
typedef enum { FALSE, TRUE } boolean;
...
boolean b = FALSE;
...
if (b) { ... }
Again, since a true result may be any non-zero value, the tests
if(t==TRUE){...} and if(t), which are equivalent in other languages,
are not equivalent in C.
-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_datatype#C
Boolean type, have support for Boolean algebra operations such as
conjunction (AND, &, *), disjunction (OR, |, +), equivalence (EQV, =,
==), exclusive or/non-equivalence (XOR, NEQV, ^), and not (NOT, ~, !)."
C
To this day, Boolean values are commonly represented by integers in C
programs. The comparison operators (' > ', '==', etc.) are defined to
return a signed integer (int) result, either zero (for false) or
nonzero (for true). The Boolean operators (&&, ||) and conditional
statements (if, while) in C operate on integer values, with the same
interpretation. For example, the following C code
int t = (x > y);
if (t) { printf("True!\n");}
else { printf("False!\n"); }
is equivalent to
int t;
if (x > y) { t = -1; }
else { t = 0; }
if (t != 0) { printf("True!\n"); }
else { printf("False!\n"); }
However, since the C language standards allow the result of a
comparison to be any non-zero value, the statement if(t==1){...} is not
equivalent to if(t){...} or to if(t!=0){...}.
Since C standards mandate that 0 be interpreted as the null pointer
when used in a pointer context or cast to a pointer, one can test
whether a pointer is non-null by the statement if(p){...} instead of
if(p!=NULL){...} — although some code styles discourage this shorthand.
One can also write if(x){...} when x is a floating-point value, to mean
if(x!=){...}.
For convenience, many programmers and C header files use C's typedef
facility to define a Boolean type (which may be named Boolean, boolean,
bool, etc.). The Boolean type may be just an alias for a numeric type
like int or char. In that case, programmers often define also macros
for the true and false values. For example,
typedef int bool;
#define FALSE 0
#define TRUE (-1)
...
bool f = FALSE;
...
if (f) { ... }
The defined values of the TRUE and FALSE macros must be adequate for
the chosen Boolean type. Note that, on the now common two's complement
computer architectures, the signed value -1 is converted to a non-zero
value (~0, the bit-wise complement of zero) when cast to an unsigned
type, or assigned to an unsigned variable.
Another common choice is to define the Boolean type as an enumerated
type (enum) allows naming elements in the language of choice. For
example, the following code uses the English names FALSE and TRUE as
possible values of the type boolean. In this case, care must be taken
so that the false value is represented internally as a zero integer:
typedef enum { FALSE, TRUE } boolean;
...
boolean b = FALSE;
...
if (b) { ... }
Again, since a true result may be any non-zero value, the tests
if(t==TRUE){...} and if(t), which are equivalent in other languages,
are not equivalent in C.
-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_datatype#C
Ok. So, is there agreement, contention, or conflict?
Another logic evaluator gave these results:
Ludwig 0.6.4 - Truth Table Constructor
(c)2002-2003 Diego Padula
{ -, &, /, %, >, =, ! }
e.g. 1: ((p&-p)>q)
e.g. 2: ((-a&-b)=(a!b))
Formula: a/b
(a/b)
1. FFF
2. FFT
3. TFF
4. TTT
[Elapsed total 0.0000]
Formula: a%b
(a%b)
1. FTF
2. FFT
3. TFF
4. TTT
[Elapsed total 0.0000]
Formula: a&b
(a&b)
1. FFF
2. FTT
3. TTF
4. TTT
[Elapsed total 0.0000]
Formula: a>b
(a>b)
1. FFF
2. FTT
3. TFF
4. TFT
[Elapsed total 0.0000]
(Unfortunately the above author's website has disappeared, and the program is not readily available. It was written in C. )
Ludwig 0.6.4 - Truth Table Constructor
(c)2002-2003 Diego Padula
{ -, &, /, %, >, =, ! }
e.g. 1: ((p&-p)>q)
e.g. 2: ((-a&-b)=(a!b))
Formula: a/b
(a/b)
1. FFF
2. FFT
3. TFF
4. TTT
[Elapsed total 0.0000]
Formula: a%b
(a%b)
1. FTF
2. FFT
3. TFF
4. TTT
[Elapsed total 0.0000]
Formula: a&b
(a&b)
1. FFF
2. FTT
3. TTF
4. TTT
[Elapsed total 0.0000]
Formula: a>b
(a>b)
1. FFF
2. FTT
3. TFF
4. TFT
[Elapsed total 0.0000]
(Unfortunately the above author's website has disappeared, and the program is not readily available. It was written in C. )
So, examining the above results, how would you define the operators by their symbols, and compare the evaluation of the "ludwig" system with "Logical Formula evaluator"?
"Logical Formula evaluator" is currently available at SourceForge.net
There are other logic evaluators from the past (in DOS) namely, "Bertie" and "Twootie". Which also serve as tutors.
"Logical Formula evaluator" is currently available at SourceForge.net
There are other logic evaluators from the past (in DOS) namely, "Bertie" and "Twootie". Which also serve as tutors.
Monday, August 10, 2009
More Tricky True-False
I Hope You Like to Read
For: (a OR b) AND (b OR c) IMPLIES a OR c
Value, a,b,c
True,T,T,T
True,T,T,F
True,T,F,T
True,T,F,F
True,F,T,T
False,F,T,F
True,F,F,T
True,F,F,F
For: (a OR b) AND (b OR c) IMPLIES a OR c
Value, a,b,c
True,T,T,T
True,T,T,F
True,T,F,T
True,T,F,F
True,F,T,T
False,F,T,F
True,F,F,T
True,F,F,F
The term "Value" means the validity (Truth value) of the statement as a whole. The other three, (one for each variable), are True or False values of the variables. The premise for the statement is, "If (a or b) and (b or c) are true or false, is (a or c) Truly or Falsely implied?
Thus, (a or b) and (b or c) implies (a or c) if and only if all the Values (operators and the varables) in the table are met. The value of the statement operator ' implication' is True for all but one condition; a=False, b=True, and c=False.
The statement can also be written as: a or b and b or c implies a or c.
This is not a finished work since the truth vaues of the other operators are not evaluated. "AND, OR" can also vary invalue making the table more complex. Example: Find the Truth values of the following...
are six elements to evaluate. Three operators and three variables.
Thus, (a or b) and (b or c) implies (a or c) if and only if all the Values (operators and the varables) in the table are met. The value of the statement operator ' implication' is True for all but one condition; a=False, b=True, and c=False.
The statement can also be written as: a or b and b or c implies a or c.
This is not a finished work since the truth vaues of the other operators are not evaluated. "AND, OR" can also vary invalue making the table more complex. Example: Find the Truth values of the following...
are six elements to evaluate. Three operators and three variables.
So, a truth table can get very complex.
A program that approaches this on a computer can be found (downloaded)
from: http://sourceforge.net/projects/logicaleval/
A program that approaches this on a computer can be found (downloaded)
from: http://sourceforge.net/projects/logicaleval/
What actually is government?
go' vernment n. (More modern word for) GOVERNANCE;
go' vernance n. Act, manner, fact or function, of governing, sway, control.
go'vern v.t & i. Rule with authority, conduct the policy, actions, & affairs, of (State, subject) despotically or constitutionally; regulate proceedings (corporation etc.; ~ing body, managers of hospital, school, etc.; be in military command of (fort, town).
-The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, Fowler & Fowler, 5th Ed., Oxford University Press, Amen House, London E.C. 4, New York, 1964
Sunday, August 09, 2009
True or false?
The truth table for a simple true-false formula is as follows;
a AND NOT b IMPLIES a EXCLUSIVE OR b This formula governs the table values.
Truth table:
Value, a, b
False, T, T If a is true and b is true, the statement is contradictory and false.
Not both a and b can be true.
True, T, F If a is true and b is false, the statement (by the rule) is true by agreement.
True, F, T If a is false and b is true, the statement is true.
False, F, F If a is false and b is false, the statement is false.
The key operator is => IMPLIES. (a AND NOT b IMPLIES a EXCLUSIVE OR b)
The implication of the formula is agreement or disagreement. The statements must agree to disagree to be true.
a AND NOT b IMPLIES a EXCLUSIVE OR b This formula governs the table values.
Truth table:
Value, a, b
False, T, T If a is true and b is true, the statement is contradictory and false.
Not both a and b can be true.
True, T, F If a is true and b is false, the statement (by the rule) is true by agreement.
True, F, T If a is false and b is true, the statement is true.
False, F, F If a is false and b is false, the statement is false.
The key operator is => IMPLIES. (a AND NOT b IMPLIES a EXCLUSIVE OR b)
The implication of the formula is agreement or disagreement. The statements must agree to disagree to be true.
Religious theories; rational choice
One of several religious theories is proposed here with some verses from the King James Bible.
The belief that sin is the source of affliction
profaned by Jesus for the salvation of any that be-
lieve on Him.
See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_religion#Rational_choice_theory
40:004:023 And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their
synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and
healing all manner of sickness and all manner of disease among
the people
42:009:006 And they departed, and went through the towns, preaching the
gospel, and healing every where.
42:009:011 And the people, when they knew it, followed him: and he
received them, and spake unto them of the kingdom of God, and
healed them that had need of healing.
44:004:022 For the man was above forty years old, on whom this miracle of
healing was shewed.
44:010:038 How God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Ghost and
with power: who went about doing good, and healing all that
were oppressed of the devil; for God was with him.
46:012:004 Now there are diversities of gifts, but the same Spirit.
46:012:005 And there are differences of administrations, but the same
Lord.
46:012:006 And there are diversities of operations, but it is the same
God which worketh all in all.
46:012:007 But the manifestation of the Spirit is given to every man to
profit withal.
46:012:008 For to one is given by the Spirit the word of wisdom; to
another the word of knowledge by the same Spirit;
46:012:009 To another faith by the same Spirit; to another the gifts of
healing by the same Spirit;
46:012:028 And God hath set some in the church, first apostles,
secondarily prophets, thirdly teachers, after that miracles,
then gifts of healings, helps, governments, diversities of
tongues.
46:012:030 Have all the gifts of healing? do all speak with tongues? do
all interpret?
66:022:002 In the midst of the street of it, and on either side of the
river, was there the tree of life, which bare twelve manner of
fruits, and yielded her fruit every month: and the leaves of
the tree were for the healing of the nations.
Here I turn to the Old Testament...
24:014:017 Therefore thou shalt say this word unto them; Let mine eyes
run down with tears night and day, and let them not cease: for
the virgin daughter of my people is broken with a great
breach, with a very grievous blow.
24:014:018 If I go forth into the field, then behold the slain with the
sword! and if I enter into the city, then behold them that are
sick with famine! yea, both the prophet and the priest go
about into a land that they know not.
24:014:019 Hast thou utterly rejected Judah? hath thy soul lothed Zion?
why hast thou smitten us, and there is no healing for us? we
looked for peace, and there is no good; and for the time of
healing, and behold trouble!
24:030:011 For I am with thee, saith the LORD, to save thee: though I
make a full end of all nations whither I have scattered thee,
yet I will not make a full end of thee: but I will correct
thee in measure, and will not leave thee altogether
unpunished.
24:030:012 For thus saith the LORD, Thy bruise is incurable, and thy
wound is grievous.
24:030:013 There is none to plead thy cause, that thou mayest be bound
up: thou hast no healing medicines.
24:030:014 All thy lovers have forgotten thee; they seek thee not; for I
have wounded thee with the wound of an enemy, with the
chastisement of a cruel one, for the multitude of thine
iniquity; because thy sins were increased.
The belief that sin is the source of affliction
profaned by Jesus for the salvation of any that be-
lieve on Him.
See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_religion#Rational_choice_theory
40:004:023 And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their
synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and
healing all manner of sickness and all manner of disease among
the people
42:009:006 And they departed, and went through the towns, preaching the
gospel, and healing every where.
42:009:011 And the people, when they knew it, followed him: and he
received them, and spake unto them of the kingdom of God, and
healed them that had need of healing.
44:004:022 For the man was above forty years old, on whom this miracle of
healing was shewed.
44:010:038 How God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Ghost and
with power: who went about doing good, and healing all that
were oppressed of the devil; for God was with him.
46:012:004 Now there are diversities of gifts, but the same Spirit.
46:012:005 And there are differences of administrations, but the same
Lord.
46:012:006 And there are diversities of operations, but it is the same
God which worketh all in all.
46:012:007 But the manifestation of the Spirit is given to every man to
profit withal.
46:012:008 For to one is given by the Spirit the word of wisdom; to
another the word of knowledge by the same Spirit;
46:012:009 To another faith by the same Spirit; to another the gifts of
healing by the same Spirit;
46:012:028 And God hath set some in the church, first apostles,
secondarily prophets, thirdly teachers, after that miracles,
then gifts of healings, helps, governments, diversities of
tongues.
46:012:030 Have all the gifts of healing? do all speak with tongues? do
all interpret?
66:022:002 In the midst of the street of it, and on either side of the
river, was there the tree of life, which bare twelve manner of
fruits, and yielded her fruit every month: and the leaves of
the tree were for the healing of the nations.
Here I turn to the Old Testament...
24:014:017 Therefore thou shalt say this word unto them; Let mine eyes
run down with tears night and day, and let them not cease: for
the virgin daughter of my people is broken with a great
breach, with a very grievous blow.
24:014:018 If I go forth into the field, then behold the slain with the
sword! and if I enter into the city, then behold them that are
sick with famine! yea, both the prophet and the priest go
about into a land that they know not.
24:014:019 Hast thou utterly rejected Judah? hath thy soul lothed Zion?
why hast thou smitten us, and there is no healing for us? we
looked for peace, and there is no good; and for the time of
healing, and behold trouble!
24:030:011 For I am with thee, saith the LORD, to save thee: though I
make a full end of all nations whither I have scattered thee,
yet I will not make a full end of thee: but I will correct
thee in measure, and will not leave thee altogether
unpunished.
24:030:012 For thus saith the LORD, Thy bruise is incurable, and thy
wound is grievous.
24:030:013 There is none to plead thy cause, that thou mayest be bound
up: thou hast no healing medicines.
24:030:014 All thy lovers have forgotten thee; they seek thee not; for I
have wounded thee with the wound of an enemy, with the
chastisement of a cruel one, for the multitude of thine
iniquity; because thy sins were increased.
Saturday, August 08, 2009
Why is Feudalism no longer valid?
As the world becomes more populated and communications more pervasive, older elements of human social systems become tested under the weight of sustainability.
A very good online course is offered at Fordham University via their website. The following medieval history course offered in 1998 is an example of a garden plot of issues confronting modern changes to older ways.
See: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/medieval.html
So what can anyone offer for an argument that Feudalism is losing validity as an authority in modern life under modern law?
Chapter 18 titled, "Class 18 Secular Society: The Aristocratic Culture and Peasant Life", is somewhere in the meta temporal region where the American Constitution broke away from the empires of Europe leaving choices of government open to the sources of past success and failure.
The one advance in theoretical thought that predicted the mathematics of future development, was Harmonic Series Analysis, (or so it is my belief).
See: http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~efc/classes/biol710/timeseries/timeseries1.htm
How is this my belief? http://www.math.niu.edu/~rusin/known-math/index/43-XX.html
It was stated somewhere that the troubadors of the Old World were responsible for altering the views of feudal courts.
Music is a product of a harmonic system, and can be analysed by Fourier Transforms. Both music and Fourier transforms of harmonics have been in existence for a thousand years or so.
If the failure of intuition to come to a valid deductive conclusion leads to error, what is assumed to be a remedy?
The rise of Hedonism is an example of a harmonic series transformation resulting in an oscillation.
In the theories that make radio work, the destructive aspect of harmonics (sympathetic frequencies) become feedback loop screeching.
Thus, the boom and bust aspect of human life resembles a symphony of harmonics that can have meaning or simply be mean.
Extremism, compromise. radicalism, socialism, feudalism, etc. are descriptive terms of process.
If they (events of process) are subject to series analysis as deductive reasoning, can they inductively and accurately predict in time?
Broadcasting is not shouting in the same sense of the word meaning to raise one's voice. Yet the amplification of sound by electrical energy as alternating current is no new phenomenon.
What does a megaphone do that an amplified audio system does not and how are they different?
I think it has to with rates of rates.
A very good online course is offered at Fordham University via their website. The following medieval history course offered in 1998 is an example of a garden plot of issues confronting modern changes to older ways.
See: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/medieval.html
So what can anyone offer for an argument that Feudalism is losing validity as an authority in modern life under modern law?
Chapter 18 titled, "Class 18 Secular Society: The Aristocratic Culture and Peasant Life", is somewhere in the meta temporal region where the American Constitution broke away from the empires of Europe leaving choices of government open to the sources of past success and failure.
The one advance in theoretical thought that predicted the mathematics of future development, was Harmonic Series Analysis, (or so it is my belief).
See: http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~efc/classes/biol710/timeseries/timeseries1.htm
How is this my belief? http://www.math.niu.edu/~rusin/known-math/index/43-XX.html
It was stated somewhere that the troubadors of the Old World were responsible for altering the views of feudal courts.
Music is a product of a harmonic system, and can be analysed by Fourier Transforms. Both music and Fourier transforms of harmonics have been in existence for a thousand years or so.
If the failure of intuition to come to a valid deductive conclusion leads to error, what is assumed to be a remedy?
The rise of Hedonism is an example of a harmonic series transformation resulting in an oscillation.
In the theories that make radio work, the destructive aspect of harmonics (sympathetic frequencies) become feedback loop screeching.
Thus, the boom and bust aspect of human life resembles a symphony of harmonics that can have meaning or simply be mean.
Extremism, compromise. radicalism, socialism, feudalism, etc. are descriptive terms of process.
If they (events of process) are subject to series analysis as deductive reasoning, can they inductively and accurately predict in time?
Broadcasting is not shouting in the same sense of the word meaning to raise one's voice. Yet the amplification of sound by electrical energy as alternating current is no new phenomenon.
What does a megaphone do that an amplified audio system does not and how are they different?
I think it has to with rates of rates.
Ever wonder?
I clipped the following as an an example:
Whaddya stupid?
"Find and Compare prices on large free us map at Smarter.com.
www.smarter.com"Whaddya stupid?
Startrek TV series
In 1968, the third season of "Star Trek" ran an episode called, "The Enterprise Incident". It begins with a recap of the changes in Capt. Kirk's moods and personality. Kirk then orders the ship directly into Romulan territory without permission or orders from Starfleet command.
When captured, the ship's crew notices that the Romulans have adopted Klingon ship designs in their fleet as well as a revelation of a new "cloaking device" making Federation vessels vulnerable.
As the plot progresses, an exchange of personnel (two for two) and orders to self destruct if attacked, leave Lt. Cdr. Scott in command while the conflict is negotiated aboard the Romulan flagship.
During an argument between the Romulan captain, Kirk, and Spock, the issue of the value of truth emerges. Spock says, "Hiding the truth does not make it a lie."
The plot then takes different turns as the characters are led and tempted to the conclusion of the episode.
The point is the statement made by Spock regarding the value of truth. Absence of evidence does not invalidate an inductive conclusion.
When captured, the ship's crew notices that the Romulans have adopted Klingon ship designs in their fleet as well as a revelation of a new "cloaking device" making Federation vessels vulnerable.
As the plot progresses, an exchange of personnel (two for two) and orders to self destruct if attacked, leave Lt. Cdr. Scott in command while the conflict is negotiated aboard the Romulan flagship.
During an argument between the Romulan captain, Kirk, and Spock, the issue of the value of truth emerges. Spock says, "Hiding the truth does not make it a lie."
The plot then takes different turns as the characters are led and tempted to the conclusion of the episode.
The point is the statement made by Spock regarding the value of truth. Absence of evidence does not invalidate an inductive conclusion.
Friday, August 07, 2009
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
Post Hoc fallacies are growing not only in mere number, but actually account for bad laws which are falsely justified by unsound reason. Judgments in courts have been known to be a result of this fallacy sending innocent people to punishment. False judgments have acquitted the guilty.
Literally, Post Hoc means after the fact therefore the cause of the fact. Sometimes this is true. Cause and effect are common in everyday life. However, multiple causation, pure coincidence, and corellation do not always cause the effects they are stated to effect. The arts of magic are based on this fallacy. Advertising, propaganda, rumors, tall tales, gossip, are even more examples of Non Causa, Pro Causa, as some forms of extortion and purgery can be.
However one should take metaphor, similie, syllogism, parable, allegory, etc. with careful thought since they are only models of process or principle, and not real facts.
See:http://www.livescience.com/culture/090525-obama-cheney-claims.html
See: http://www.fallacyfiles.org/posthocf.html
Also: http://www.drury.edu/ess/Logic/Informal/Post_Hoc__Ergo_Propter.html
On logic and truth tables:
http://www.philosophypages.com/lg/e11a.htm
Implication as correllation also remains questionable when concluding cause and effect.
From the U.K. - http://www.chapmancentral.co.uk/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
Critical reasoning is the only recourse to jumping to conclusions.
In the KJV Bible we find:
Luke (42:)024:011 And their words seemed to them as idle tales, and they
believed them not.
Proverbs 14:12 There is a way which seemeth right unto a man, but the end thereof are the ways of death.
Proverbs 18:12 Before destruction the heart of man is haughty, and before
honour is humility.
18:13 He that answereth a matter before he heareth it, it is folly and
shame unto him.
18:14 The spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity; but a wounded
spirit who can bear? 18:15 The heart of the prudent getteth
knowledge; and the ear of the wise seeketh knowledge.
18:16 A man's gift maketh room for him, and bringeth him before great
men.
18:17 He that is first in his own cause seemeth just; but his
neighbour cometh and searcheth him.
18:18 The lot causeth contentions to cease, and parteth between the
mighty.
18:19 A brother offended is harder to be won than a strong city: and
their contentions are like the bars of a castle.
Luke (Book 42)
42:008:016 No man, when he hath lighted a candle, covereth it with a
vessel, or putteth it under a bed; but setteth it on a
candlestick, that they which enter in may see the light.
42:008:017 For nothing is secret, that shall not be made manifest;
neither any thing hid, that shall not be known and come
abroad.
42:008:018 Take heed therefore how ye hear: for whosoever hath, to him
shall be given; and whosoever hath not, from him shall be
taken even that which he seemeth to have.
Verse 18 He is referring to truth as conclusion from valid reason.
1 Corinthians 3:18 Let no man deceive himself. If any man among you seemeth to be
wise in this world, let him become a fool, that he may be
wise.
Here's one in terms of Economics. Timely if not incessantly recurring.
http://accounting.suite101.com/article.cfm/three_common_economic_fallacies
Literally, Post Hoc means after the fact therefore the cause of the fact. Sometimes this is true. Cause and effect are common in everyday life. However, multiple causation, pure coincidence, and corellation do not always cause the effects they are stated to effect. The arts of magic are based on this fallacy. Advertising, propaganda, rumors, tall tales, gossip, are even more examples of Non Causa, Pro Causa, as some forms of extortion and purgery can be.
However one should take metaphor, similie, syllogism, parable, allegory, etc. with careful thought since they are only models of process or principle, and not real facts.
See:http://www.livescience.com/culture/090525-obama-cheney-claims.html
See: http://www.fallacyfiles.org/posthocf.html
Also: http://www.drury.edu/ess/Logic/Informal/Post_Hoc__Ergo_Propter.html
On logic and truth tables:
http://www.philosophypages.com/lg/e11a.htm
Implication as correllation also remains questionable when concluding cause and effect.
From the U.K. - http://www.chapmancentral.co.uk/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
Critical reasoning is the only recourse to jumping to conclusions.
In the KJV Bible we find:
Luke (42:)024:011 And their words seemed to them as idle tales, and they
believed them not.
Proverbs 14:12 There is a way which seemeth right unto a man, but the end thereof are the ways of death.
Proverbs 18:12 Before destruction the heart of man is haughty, and before
honour is humility.
18:13 He that answereth a matter before he heareth it, it is folly and
shame unto him.
18:14 The spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity; but a wounded
spirit who can bear? 18:15 The heart of the prudent getteth
knowledge; and the ear of the wise seeketh knowledge.
18:16 A man's gift maketh room for him, and bringeth him before great
men.
18:17 He that is first in his own cause seemeth just; but his
neighbour cometh and searcheth him.
18:18 The lot causeth contentions to cease, and parteth between the
mighty.
18:19 A brother offended is harder to be won than a strong city: and
their contentions are like the bars of a castle.
Luke (Book 42)
42:008:016 No man, when he hath lighted a candle, covereth it with a
vessel, or putteth it under a bed; but setteth it on a
candlestick, that they which enter in may see the light.
42:008:017 For nothing is secret, that shall not be made manifest;
neither any thing hid, that shall not be known and come
abroad.
42:008:018 Take heed therefore how ye hear: for whosoever hath, to him
shall be given; and whosoever hath not, from him shall be
taken even that which he seemeth to have.
Verse 18 He is referring to truth as conclusion from valid reason.
1 Corinthians 3:18 Let no man deceive himself. If any man among you seemeth to be
wise in this world, let him become a fool, that he may be
wise.
Here's one in terms of Economics. Timely if not incessantly recurring.
http://accounting.suite101.com/article.cfm/three_common_economic_fallacies
Questions
If a=b and b=c, does a=c?
Most would say, "yes".
Yet it begs a question.
If all these are equal, what is the use of an alphabet
to contradict the definition of equality?
1=1, not 1=2
Or,
a, b, and c are different letters (symbols).
One vowel and two consonants.
We know that a vowel and a consonant are not the same.
So, does that not imply (=>) a contradiction?
a=a, b=b, c=c
What is missing is the "rule" that changes the "rule".
Letters of an alphabet are used to represent (symbolize) specific unknowns.
Remaking the rules redefines the process.
To validate or justify the argument, the statements as unknowns are symbolized.
An example of this is also a fallacy
Known as the "Texas Sharpshooter" fallacy,
A man shoots a number of holes in the side of a barn.
Then he paints a circular ring target around the center of the cluster of holes.
When the paint dries, he claims his marksmanship.
Yet it begs a question.
If all these are equal, what is the use of an alphabet
to contradict the definition of equality?
1=1, not 1=2
Or,
a, b, and c are different letters (symbols).
One vowel and two consonants.
We know that a vowel and a consonant are not the same.
So, does that not imply (=>) a contradiction?
a=a, b=b, c=c
What is missing is the "rule" that changes the "rule".
Letters of an alphabet are used to represent (symbolize) specific unknowns.
Remaking the rules redefines the process.
To validate or justify the argument, the statements as unknowns are symbolized.
An example of this is also a fallacy
Known as the "Texas Sharpshooter" fallacy,
A man shoots a number of holes in the side of a barn.
Then he paints a circular ring target around the center of the cluster of holes.
When the paint dries, he claims his marksmanship.
Thursday, August 06, 2009
Good argument bad argument
A fallacy is roughly defined as bad reasoning.
See: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fallacy
Types of fallcies at:
http://www.fallacyfiles.org/index.html
Download a copy of Fallacy Tutorial
http://www.macinmind.com/
Examples?
http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/fallacies.html
Caution: You may lose your friends for being a "smartass".
See: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fallacy
Types of fallcies at:
http://www.fallacyfiles.org/index.html
Download a copy of Fallacy Tutorial
http://www.macinmind.com/
Examples?
http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/fallacies.html
Caution: You may lose your friends for being a "smartass".
What's symbolic logic got to do with it?
For (a => b) ^ (b => c) Where (=>) = "implies", (^) = Boolean AND (&)
For (+)=XOR, (v)=OR
Value,a,b,c,
True,T,T,T
True,T,T,F
True,T,F,T
True,T,F,F
True,F,T,T
True,F,T,F
True,F,F,T
True,F,F,F
What's the point? To analyze the "truth" value of statements in an argument, propositions and conclusions must agree. (Even the notation must agree consistently!)
"A tautology's truth is certain. A proposition's truth is possible. A contradiction's truth is impossible."
-Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Vienna, 1918
More of the same shows how complex an analysis can become...
For (a=>b)^(b=>c)+(avb)=>c
Value,a,b,c,
True,T,T,T
False,T,T,F
True,T,F,T
False,T,F,F
True,F,T,T
False,F,T,F
True,F,F,T
False,F,F,F
For (+)=XOR, (v)=OR
Value,a,b,c,
True,T,T,T
True,T,T,F
True,T,F,T
True,T,F,F
True,F,T,T
True,F,T,F
True,F,F,T
True,F,F,F
What's the point? To analyze the "truth" value of statements in an argument, propositions and conclusions must agree. (Even the notation must agree consistently!)
"A tautology's truth is certain. A proposition's truth is possible. A contradiction's truth is impossible."
-Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Vienna, 1918
More of the same shows how complex an analysis can become...
For (a=>b)^(b=>c)+(avb)=>c
Value,a,b,c,
True,T,T,T
False,T,T,F
True,T,F,T
False,T,F,F
True,F,T,T
False,F,T,F
True,F,F,T
False,F,F,F
Epistemology
Luke 24
15And it came to pass, that, while they communed together and reasoned, Jesus himself drew near, and went with them.
16But their eyes were holden that they should not know him.
31And their eyes were opened, and they knew him; and he vanished out of their sight.
There is no proof of ignorance more common than conceit of knowledge. Much may be known, when nothing is known to good purpose. And those who think they know any thing, and grow vain thereon, are the least likely to make good use of their knowledge.-Matthew Henry's Concise Commentary, 1Cor8:1
15And it came to pass, that, while they communed together and reasoned, Jesus himself drew near, and went with them.
16But their eyes were holden that they should not know him.
31And their eyes were opened, and they knew him; and he vanished out of their sight.
There is no proof of ignorance more common than conceit of knowledge. Much may be known, when nothing is known to good purpose. And those who think they know any thing, and grow vain thereon, are the least likely to make good use of their knowledge.-Matthew Henry's Concise Commentary, 1Cor8:1
Two Kinds of Time
TEMPORAL TIME IN WHICH EVENTS CAN BE RECKONED
ETERNAL TIME IN WHICH EVENTS CANNOT BE RECKONED, BUT DO OCCUR
40:017:020 And Jesus said unto them, Because of your unbelief: for verily
I say unto you, If ye have faith as a grain of mustard seed,
ye shall say unto this mountain, Remove hence to yonder place;
and it shall remove; and nothing shall be impossible unto you.
40:019:023 Then said Jesus unto his disciples, Verily I say unto you,
That a rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven.
40:019:024 And again I say unto you, It is easier for a camel to go
through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into
the kingdom of God.
40:019:025 When his disciples heard it, they were exceedingly amazed,
saying, Who then can be saved?
40:019:026 But Jesus beheld them, and said unto them, With men this is
impossible; but with God all things are possible.
40:024:023 Then if any man shall say unto you, Lo, here is Christ, or
there; believe it not.
40:024:024 For there shall arise false Christs, and false prophets, and
shall shew great signs and wonders; insomuch that, if it were
possible, they shall deceive the very elect.
41:009:023 Jesus said unto him, If thou canst believe, all things are
possible to him that believeth.
42:017:001 Then said he unto the disciples, It is impossible but that
offences will come: but woe unto him, through whom they come!
42:018:026 And they that heard it said, Who then can be saved?
42:018:027 And he said, The things which are impossible with men are
possible with God.
44:002:022 Ye men of Israel, hear these words; Jesus of Nazareth, a man
approved of God among you by miracles and wonders and signs,
which God did by him in the midst of you, as ye yourselves
also know:
44:002:023 Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and
foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have
crucified and slain:
44:002:024 Whom God hath raised up, having loosed the pains of death:
because it was not possible that he should be holden of it.
44:002:025 For David speaketh concerning him, I foresaw the Lord always
before my face, for he is on my right hand, that I should not
be moved:
44:002:026 Therefore did my heart rejoice, and my tongue was glad;
moreover also my flesh shall rest in hope:
44:002:027 Because thou wilt not leave my soul in hell, neither wilt thou
suffer thine Holy One to see corruption.
44:002:028 Thou hast made known to me the ways of life; thou shalt make
me full of joy with thy countenance.
44:002:029 Men and brethren, let me freely speak unto you of the
patriarch David, that he is both dead and buried, and his
sepulchre is with us unto this day.
44:002:030 Therefore being a prophet, and knowing that God had sworn with
an oath to him, that of the fruit of his loins, according to
the flesh, he would raise up Christ to sit on his throne;
44:002:031 He seeing this before spake of the resurrection of Christ,
that his soul was not left in hell, neither his flesh did see
corruption.
44:002:032 This Jesus hath God raised up, whereof we all are witnesses.
44:002:033 Therefore being by the right hand of God exalted, and having
received of the Father the promise of the Holy Ghost, he hath
shed forth this, which ye now see and hear.
44:002:034 For David is not ascended into the heavens: but he saith
himself, The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right
hand,
44:002:035 Until I make thy foes thy footstool.
45:012:005 So we, being many, are one body in Christ, and every one
members one of another.
45:012:006 Having then gifts differing according to the grace that is
given to us, whether prophecy, let us prophesy according to
the proportion of faith;
45:012:007 Or ministry, let us wait on our ministering: or he that
teacheth, on teaching;
45:012:008 Or he that exhorteth, on exhortation: he that giveth, let him
do it with simplicity; he that ruleth, with diligence; he that
sheweth mercy, with cheerfulness.
45:012:009 Let love be without dissimulation. Abhor that which is evil;
cleave to that which is good.
45:012:010 Be kindly affectioned one to another with brotherly love; in
honour preferring one another;
45:012:011 Not slothful in business; fervent in spirit; serving the Lord;
45:012:012 Rejoicing in hope; patient in tribulation; continuing instant
in prayer;
45:012:013 Distributing to the necessity of saints; given to hospitality.
45:012:014 Bless them which persecute you: bless, and curse not.
45:012:015 Rejoice with them that do rejoice, and weep with them that
weep.
45:012:016 Be of the same mind one toward another. Mind not high things,
but condescend to men of low estate. Be not wise in your own
conceits.
45:012:017 Recompense to no man evil for evil. Provide things honest in
the sight of all men.
45:012:018 If it be possible, as much as lieth in you, live peaceably
with all men.
45:012:019 Dearly beloved, avenge not yourselves, but rather give place
unto wrath: for it is written, Vengeance is mine; I will
repay, saith the Lord.
45:012:020 Therefore if thine enemy hunger, feed him; if he thirst, give
him drink: for in so doing thou shalt heap coals of fire on
his head.
45:012:021 Be not overcome of evil, but overcome evil with good.
45:013:001 Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is
no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God.
45:013:002 Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the
ordinance of God: and they that resist shall receive to
themselves damnation.
45:013:003 For rulers are not a terror to good works, but to the evil.
Wilt thou then not be afraid of the power? do that which is
good, and thou shalt have praise of the same:
45:013:004 For he is the minister of God to thee for good. But if thou do
that which is evil, be afraid; for he beareth not the sword in
vain: for he is the minister of God, a revenger to execute
wrath upon him that doeth evil.
ETERNAL TIME IN WHICH EVENTS CANNOT BE RECKONED, BUT DO OCCUR
40:017:020 And Jesus said unto them, Because of your unbelief: for verily
I say unto you, If ye have faith as a grain of mustard seed,
ye shall say unto this mountain, Remove hence to yonder place;
and it shall remove; and nothing shall be impossible unto you.
40:019:023 Then said Jesus unto his disciples, Verily I say unto you,
That a rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven.
40:019:024 And again I say unto you, It is easier for a camel to go
through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into
the kingdom of God.
40:019:025 When his disciples heard it, they were exceedingly amazed,
saying, Who then can be saved?
40:019:026 But Jesus beheld them, and said unto them, With men this is
impossible; but with God all things are possible.
40:024:023 Then if any man shall say unto you, Lo, here is Christ, or
there; believe it not.
40:024:024 For there shall arise false Christs, and false prophets, and
shall shew great signs and wonders; insomuch that, if it were
possible, they shall deceive the very elect.
41:009:023 Jesus said unto him, If thou canst believe, all things are
possible to him that believeth.
42:017:001 Then said he unto the disciples, It is impossible but that
offences will come: but woe unto him, through whom they come!
42:018:026 And they that heard it said, Who then can be saved?
42:018:027 And he said, The things which are impossible with men are
possible with God.
44:002:022 Ye men of Israel, hear these words; Jesus of Nazareth, a man
approved of God among you by miracles and wonders and signs,
which God did by him in the midst of you, as ye yourselves
also know:
44:002:023 Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and
foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have
crucified and slain:
44:002:024 Whom God hath raised up, having loosed the pains of death:
because it was not possible that he should be holden of it.
44:002:025 For David speaketh concerning him, I foresaw the Lord always
before my face, for he is on my right hand, that I should not
be moved:
44:002:026 Therefore did my heart rejoice, and my tongue was glad;
moreover also my flesh shall rest in hope:
44:002:027 Because thou wilt not leave my soul in hell, neither wilt thou
suffer thine Holy One to see corruption.
44:002:028 Thou hast made known to me the ways of life; thou shalt make
me full of joy with thy countenance.
44:002:029 Men and brethren, let me freely speak unto you of the
patriarch David, that he is both dead and buried, and his
sepulchre is with us unto this day.
44:002:030 Therefore being a prophet, and knowing that God had sworn with
an oath to him, that of the fruit of his loins, according to
the flesh, he would raise up Christ to sit on his throne;
44:002:031 He seeing this before spake of the resurrection of Christ,
that his soul was not left in hell, neither his flesh did see
corruption.
44:002:032 This Jesus hath God raised up, whereof we all are witnesses.
44:002:033 Therefore being by the right hand of God exalted, and having
received of the Father the promise of the Holy Ghost, he hath
shed forth this, which ye now see and hear.
44:002:034 For David is not ascended into the heavens: but he saith
himself, The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right
hand,
44:002:035 Until I make thy foes thy footstool.
45:012:005 So we, being many, are one body in Christ, and every one
members one of another.
45:012:006 Having then gifts differing according to the grace that is
given to us, whether prophecy, let us prophesy according to
the proportion of faith;
45:012:007 Or ministry, let us wait on our ministering: or he that
teacheth, on teaching;
45:012:008 Or he that exhorteth, on exhortation: he that giveth, let him
do it with simplicity; he that ruleth, with diligence; he that
sheweth mercy, with cheerfulness.
45:012:009 Let love be without dissimulation. Abhor that which is evil;
cleave to that which is good.
45:012:010 Be kindly affectioned one to another with brotherly love; in
honour preferring one another;
45:012:011 Not slothful in business; fervent in spirit; serving the Lord;
45:012:012 Rejoicing in hope; patient in tribulation; continuing instant
in prayer;
45:012:013 Distributing to the necessity of saints; given to hospitality.
45:012:014 Bless them which persecute you: bless, and curse not.
45:012:015 Rejoice with them that do rejoice, and weep with them that
weep.
45:012:016 Be of the same mind one toward another. Mind not high things,
but condescend to men of low estate. Be not wise in your own
conceits.
45:012:017 Recompense to no man evil for evil. Provide things honest in
the sight of all men.
45:012:018 If it be possible, as much as lieth in you, live peaceably
with all men.
45:012:019 Dearly beloved, avenge not yourselves, but rather give place
unto wrath: for it is written, Vengeance is mine; I will
repay, saith the Lord.
45:012:020 Therefore if thine enemy hunger, feed him; if he thirst, give
him drink: for in so doing thou shalt heap coals of fire on
his head.
45:012:021 Be not overcome of evil, but overcome evil with good.
45:013:001 Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is
no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God.
45:013:002 Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the
ordinance of God: and they that resist shall receive to
themselves damnation.
45:013:003 For rulers are not a terror to good works, but to the evil.
Wilt thou then not be afraid of the power? do that which is
good, and thou shalt have praise of the same:
45:013:004 For he is the minister of God to thee for good. But if thou do
that which is evil, be afraid; for he beareth not the sword in
vain: for he is the minister of God, a revenger to execute
wrath upon him that doeth evil.
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